" Prominent internalists included both Lynch and Brodie ; the most vocal externalists included Derek Gatherer, a geneticist from Liverpool John Moores University, and William Benzon, a writer on cultural evolution and music.

It has been suggested that these parts of the brain originally supporting the pairing of gesture and meaning and then were adapted in human evolution " for the comparable pairing of sound and meaning as voluntary control over the vocal apparatus was established and spoken language evolved ".

This study supports the second hypothesis of independent evolution of echolocation in Aerodramus and Collocalia, with the subsequent evolution of complex behavior needed to complement the physical echolocation system, or even the third approach, as the vocal apparatus-parts of the echolocation system might even be inherited from some prehistoric nocturnal ancestor.

* a broad survey of the origins and evolution of music, its theological and metaphysical roots and ramifications, and vocal and instrumentation practice ( De inventione et usu musice ).

The Titanians only communicate telepathically, having lost use of their vocal cords due to centuries of evolution.

He was a vocal proponent of the Neo-Lamarckian theory of evolution.

A vocal proponent of the Weidenreich Theory was Carleton Coon, however Coon modified Weidenreich's Polycentric view of evolution, since he stressed far less on gene flow.

Some linguists, such as John McWhorter, have analyzed the evolution and construction of basic communication methods such as Pidginization and Creolization.

Lorenz developed an interesting theory of the evolution of animal communication based on his observations of the nature of fixed action patterns and the circumstances in which animals emit them.

In this novelette about communication and computers, written by MacLean in 1947, she demonstrated an ability to foresee the future evolution of personal computers.

In The Symbolic Species, Terrance Deacon argues that the emanation of symbolic capacities unique to language was a critical factor in the evolution of the human brain, and that these symbolic capacities are vital to differentiating animal from human forms of communication, processes of learning, and brain anatomy.

" The doorway into this virtual world was opened to us alone by the evolution of language, because language is not merely a mode of communication, it is also the outward expression of an unusual mode of thought — symbolic representation.

Convergence in this instance is defined as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, media content, and communication networks that has arisen as the result of the evolution and popularization of the Internet as well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media space.

Instead, Pinker sees language as an ability unique to humans, produced by evolution to solve the specific problem of communication among social hunter-gatherers.

) If the helmsman maintains control and good communication with the crew and takes responsibility for the evolution and exactly when the boom jibes, the whole jibe will go more smoothly, safely and under control.

This is the emergence of networked individualism, as social structure and historical evolution induce the emergence of individualism as the dominant culture of our societies, and the new communication Technologies perfectly fit into the mode of building sociability along self-selected communication networks, on or off depending on the needs and moods of each individual.

What results from this evolution is that the culture of the network society is largely shaped by the messages exchanged in the composite electronic hypertext made by the technologically linked networks of different communication modes.

Rather than genetic laws, information and communication have become major driving forces of cultural evolution ( see Finke 2005, 2006 ).

According to Neuman, " We are witnessing the evolution of a universal interconnected network of audio, video, and electronic text communications that will blur the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication and between public and private communication " ( Neuman cited in Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 322 ).

The early ethologists assumed that communication occurred for the good of the species as a whole, but this would require a process of group selection which is believed to be mathematically impossible in the evolution of sexually reproducing animals.

In the case of communication, an important discussion by John Krebs and Richard Dawkins established hypotheses for the evolution of such apparently altruistic or mutualistic communications as alarm calls and courtship signals to emerge under individual selection.

The evolution of mobile communication has been almost wholly in 3 different geographic regions.

Interactivity is rooted in basic communication, the development of rhetoric, and the evolution of social interface.

Focusing the involvement of the community in development efforts, and greatly influenced by Freirean critical pedagogy and by the Los Baños school, the evolution of the Participatory Development Communication School involved collaboration between First World and Third World development communication organisations.

El Refugio ( The Refuge ) shows a deep scientific influence: biotechnology, biochemistry, communication between species, evolution.

From the perspective of modern science, the main obstacle to the evolution of language-like communication in nature is not a mechanistic one.

Using primitive communication faculties, which then evolved in parallel, mental models became shared representations subject to cultural evolution.

* Zahavi A ( 1977 ) Reliability in communication systems and the evolution of altruism.

Alternatively, the arms race may be between members of the same species, as in the manipulation / sales resistance model of communication ( Dawkins & Krebs, 1979 ) or as in runaway evolution or Red Queen effects.

The increasing intellectualization of consciousness, initially a progressive direction of evolution, has led to an excessive reliance on abstraction and a loss of contact with both natural and spiritual realities.

... with regard to race, a naive version of the evolution of consciousness, a theory foundational to both Steiner's anthroposophy and Waldorf education, sometimes places one race below another in one or another dimension of development.

For many film-goers, De Palma's gangster films, most notably Scarface and Carlito's Way, pushed the envelope of violence and depravity, and yet greatly vary from one another in both style and content and also illustrate De Palma's evolution as a film-maker.

In the Command & Conquer real-time strategy games, both the gameplay and storyline revolve heavily around the introduction to Earth of an extraterrestrial mutagen called Tiberium via meteor, which displays strikingly lifelike behaviours such as self-replication, evolution, and homeostasis, without undergoing anything like common carbon-based metabolic cycles, and which appears to be colonising the Earth, converting it into an environment unsuited to carbon-based biology.

The terms CISC and RISC have become less meaningful with the continued evolution of both CISC and RISC designs and implementations.

Evolutionary linguistics is a cover term for the scientific study of both the origins and development of language as well as the cultural evolution of languages.

In modern times, the term evolution is widely used, but the terms evolutionism and evolutionist are seldom used in the scientific community to refer to the biological discipline as the term is considered both redundant and anachronistic, though it has been used by creationists in discussing the creation-evolution controversy.

The studies of ontogeny, phylogeny and especially evolutionary developmental biology of both vertebrates and invertebrates offer considerable insight into the evolution of all life, including how humans evolved.

Falsifiability is an important concept within the creation – evolution controversy, where proponents of both sides claim that Popper developed falsifiability to denote ideas as unscientific or pseudoscientific and use it to make arguments against the views of the respective other side.

The Hadean eon represents the time before fossil record of life on Earth ; its upper boundary is now regarded as 4. 0 Ga. Other subdivisions reflect the evolution of life ; the Archean and Proterozoic are both eons, the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic are eras of the Phanerozoic eon.

The cardinal qualities of the style of Homer are well articulated by Matthew Arnold: he translator of Homer should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author :— that he is eminently rapid ; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words ; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas ; and finally, that he is eminently noble.

Although phylogenetically close to felines and viverrids, hyenas are behaviourally and morphologically similar to canines in several aspects ( see Convergent evolution ); both hyenas and canines are non-arboreal, cursorial hunters that catch prey with their teeth rather than claws.

The results of such Genetic Algorithms are frequently irreducibly complex since the process, like evolution, both removes non-essential components over time as well as adding new components.

Unlike genetic evolution, memetic evolution can show both Darwinian and Lamarckian traits.

Contrary to this belief among the anti-evolution movement proponents, evolution of life forms beyond the species level (" macroevolution ", i. e. speciation in a specific case ) has indeed been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions and in nature.

Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research.

His books have inspired considerable debate about the specifics, and the evolution, of Heinlein's own opinions, and have earned him both lavish praise and a degree of criticism.

According to John Sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote Digitopia Blues, rap " bears a striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz both stylistically and formally.

This era of supply chain evolution is characterized by both increasing value-adding and cost reductions through integration.

Building on globalization and specialization, the term SCM 2. 0 has been coined to describe both the changes within the supply chain itself as well as the evolution of the processes, methods and tools that manage it in this new " era ".

Historical examples of religious individuals or institutions promoting claims that contradict both contemporary and modern scientific consensus include creationism ( see level of support for evolution ), and more recently, Pope Benedict XVI's 2009 statements claiming that the use of condoms to combat the AIDS epidemic in Africa was ineffective and counterproductive.

The tendency has been for this fine anatomical work to be overshadowed by his energetic and controversial activity in favour of evolution, and by his extensive public work on scientific education, both of which had significant effects on society in Britain and elsewhere.