She has explored the evolutionary rationale that has shaped modern romantic love and has concluded that long-lasting relationships are helpful to ensure that children reach reproductive age and are fed and cared for by two parents.

The hypothesis attaches evolutionary significance to hydrogenosomes and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria.

Additionally, the evolutionary rationale for the formation and characteristics of these principles are sought.

* Paleolithic diet-A human diet based on a similar evolutionary rationale.

The rationale behind the intentional stance is based on evolutionary theory, particularly the notion that the ability to make quick predictions of a system ’ s behaviour based on what we think it might be thinking was an evolutionary adaptive advantage.

*" Darwin the liberator: How evolutionary thought undermined the rationale for slavery " Washington Post ( February 15, 2009 ).

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

It has controversially been argued by some evolutionary scientists such as E. O. Wilson that natural selection can act at the level of non-kin groups to produce adaptations that benefit a non-kin group even if these adaptions are detrimental at the individual level.

Group selection theory has criticized by many other evolutionary scientists.

Anthropologists study topics including Homo sapiens origin and evolution, the organization of human social and cultural relations, human physical traits, how humans behave, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and so forth.

They reproduce via direct development, an ecological and evolutionary adaptation that has allowed them to be completely independent from free-standing water.

Although there were low levels of preexisting antibiotic-resistant bacteria before the widespread use of antibiotics, evolutionary pressure from their use has played a role in the development of muiltidrug resistance varieties and the spread of resistance between bacterial species.

No modern species should be described as more " primitive " than others, strictly speaking, since each has an equally long evolutionary history — but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence.

While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along more efficient, evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so.

Informatics has assisted evolutionary biologists in several key ways ; it has enabled researchers to:

Research with D. rerio has yielded advances in the fields of developmental biology, oncology, toxicology, reproductive studies, teratology, genetics, neurobiology, environmental sciences, stem cell and regenerative medicine, and evolutionary theory.

Additional research has shown that subsequent to this elimination of ammonoids from the global biota, nautiloids began an evolutionary radiation into shell shapes and complexities theretofore known only from ammonoids .< ref >

Similarly, the design technique has progressed from paper-and-ruler based manual design to computer-aided design, and now to computer-automated design ( CAutoD ), which has been made possible by evolutionary computation.

Macaque monkeys drum objects in a rhythmic way to show social dominance and this has been shown to be processed in a similar way in their brains to vocalizations suggesting an evolutionary origin to drumming as part of social communication.

During this period, which has been called " the eclipse of Darwinism ", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms which eventually proved untenable.

While the term has remained in use amongst scientific authors when referring to modern evolutionary theory, it has increasingly been argued that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory.

Much of Dennett's work since the 1990s has been concerned with fleshing out his previous ideas by addressing the same topics from an evolutionary standpoint, from what distinguishes human minds from animal minds ( Kinds of Minds ), to how free will is compatible with a naturalist view of the world ( Freedom Evolves ).

It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies, ethics, political science, and evolutionary biology.

Since the late 1980s, the field has been revived in the wake of progress made in the related fields of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, evolutionary anthropology, evolutionary psychology, and cognitive science.

This being is, according to Steiner, not only the Redeemer of the Fall from Paradise, but also the unique pivot and meaning of earth's evolutionary processes and of human history.

In the Nintendo / GameFreak video game franchise " Pokémon ", there are three creatures in the same evolutionary chain named Abra, Kadabra, and Alakazam ( the third of which is also an alleged magic word used by stage magicians ).

Bryozoans ' evolutionary relationships to other phyla are also unclear, partly because scientists ' view of the family tree of animals is mainly influenced by better-known phyla.

According to Jordania, this trance-inducing ability of dance comes from human evolutionary past and includes as well a phenomenon of military drill which is also based on shared rhythmic and monotonous group activity.

However, Darwinism is also used neutrally within the scientific community to distinguish modern evolutionary theories, sometimes called " NeoDarwinism ", from those first proposed by Darwin.

Darwinism also is used neutrally by historians to differentiate his theory from other evolutionary theories current around the same period.

It may also refer specifically to the role of Charles Darwin as opposed to others in the history of evolutionary thought — particularly contrasting Darwin's results with those of earlier theories such as Lamarckism or later ones such as the modern synthesis.

Abnormal development caused by mutation is also of evolutionary interest as it provides a mechanism for changes in body plan ( see evolutionary developmental biology ).

In a similar fashion, Mayr was also quite critical of molecular evolutionary studies such as those of Carl Woese.

The term is sometimes also colloquially used to refer to acceptance of the modern evolutionary synthesis, a scientific theory that describes how biological evolution occurs.

" According to Steven Pinker, EP is " not a single theory but a large set of hypotheses " and a term which " has also come to refer to a particular way of applying evolutionary theory to the mind, with an emphasis on adaptation, gene-level selection, and modularity.

EP has roots in cognitive psychology and evolutionary biology but also draws on behavioral ecology, artificial intelligence, genetics, ethology, anthropology, archaeology, biology, and zoology.

" Gossip has also been identified by Robin Dunbar, an evolutionary biologist, as aiding social bonding in large groups.

It can be seen as one form of altruism for which there are also several other evolutionary explanations.

This has been said to be due to the fact that researchers in the past, such as Lamarck, viewed vertebrates as a " standard ": in Lamarck's theory of evolution, he believed that characteristics acquired through the evolutionary process involved not only survival, but also progression toward a " higher form ", to which humans and vertebrates were closer than invertebrates were.

During the late 1980s he also became interested in the other major evolutionary transitions with the biochemist Eörs Szathmáry.

Among the prevailing types of theories that attempt to account for the existence of love there are: psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider love to be very healthy behavior ; there are evolutionary theories which hold that love is part of the process of natural selection ; there are spiritual theories which may, for instance consider love to be a gift from God ; there are also theories that consider love to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience.

This set modernists apart from 19th-century artists, who had tended to believe not only in smooth change (" evolutionary " rather than " revolutionary ") but also in the progressiveness of such change —" progress ".

In his book The Selfish Gene ( 1976 ), the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins used the term meme to describe a unit of human cultural transmission analogous to the gene, arguing that replication also happens in culture, albeit in a different sense.

Although a complete theory of evolution also requires an account of how genetic variation arises in the first place ( such as by mutation and sexual reproduction ) and includes other evolutionary mechanisms ( such as genetic drift and gene flow ), natural selection appears to be the most important mechanism for creating complex adaptations in nature.

In the absence of natural selection to preserve such a trait, it will become more variable and deteriorate over time, possibly resulting in a vestigial manifestation of the trait, also called evolutionary baggage.

Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnean taxonomy that is commonly used for classifying living organisms, and palaeontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary " family trees ".

For example geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth, and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian – Triassic extinction event .< ref name =" Twitchett "> A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, often helps by using comparisons of different modern organisms ' DNA and RNA to re-construct evolutionary " family trees "; it has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the " molecular clock ".