The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus.

Shelikhov petitioned the government for exclusive control, but in 1788 Catherine II decided to grant his company a monopoly only over the area it had already occupied.

The country was divided in two zones, within which one of the companies was the exclusive provider of the service ( a state-sanctioned monopoly ).

There was also criticism of the way that CelTel had exclusive rights at the event, and a virtual monopoly of a local hotel offering food at rates that the average Kenyan could not afford.

Somewhat later the duke conferred on him the monopoly of the sale of medicines at Wittenberg, and a printer's patent with exclusive privileges as to copyright in Bibles.

Advocates of laissez-faire capitalism advocate that the only type of monopoly that should be broken up is what they call a coercive monopoly, that is the persistent, exclusive control of a vitally needed resource, good, or service such that the community is at the mercy of the controller, and where there are no suppliers of the same or substitute goods to which the consumer can turn.

The dispute extended up to the U. S. Supreme Court, which ruled against them, saying that while they have exclusive rights to the game Monopoly, they can not prevent others from using the word " monopoly " in the name of a game.

In his essay, Against Method, Paul Feyerabend characterizes science as " an essentially anarchic enterprise " and argues emphatically that science merits no exclusive monopoly over " dealing in knowledge " and that scientists have never operated within a distinct and narrowly self-defined tradition.

This statute is denounced the butchers not only as creating a monopoly and conferring odious and exclusive privileges upon a small number of persons at the expense of the great body of the community of New Orleans, but it is asserted that it deprives a large and meritorious class of citizens — the whole of the butchers of the city — of the right to exercise their trade, the business to which they have been trained and on which they depend for the support of themselves and their families, and that the unrestricted exercise of the business of butchering is necessary to the daily subsistence of the population of the city.

I speak about radical monopoly when one industrial production process exercises an exclusive control over the satisfaction of a pressing need, and excludes nonindustrial activities from competition.

Ogden claimed river traffic was not " commerce " under the Commerce Clause and further that Congress could not interfere with New York State's grant of an exclusive monopoly within its own borders.

It could also include exclusive distribution contracts, patent protection, market monopoly, or government protected monopoly status.

In 1469, King Afonso V of Portugal granted the monopoly of trade in the Gulf of Guinea to Lisbon merchant Fernão Gomes, including the exclusive trade of Aframomum melegueta, then called " malagueta " pepper-which was granted by 100 000 real-annually in exchange for exploring 100 miles of the coast of Africa a year for five years.

Arkwright in 1775 obtained for a grand patent covering many processes that he hoped would give him monopoly power over the fast-growing industry, but Lancashire opinion was bitterly hostile to exclusive patents ; in 1781 Arkwright tried and failed to uphold his monopolistic 1775 patent.

In a government monopoly, an agency under the direct authority of the government itself holds the monopoly, and the coercive monopoly status is sustained by the enforcement of laws or regulations that ban competition, or reserve exclusive control over factors of production for the government.

A hydraulic empire ( also known as a hydraulic despotism, or water monopoly empire ) is a social or government structure which maintains power and control through exclusive control over access to water.

St. Francis Xavier has an exclusive contract with Sodexo, giving that company a monopoly on food and conference services at every facility on campus.

Shortly after Harry joins the " Wild Palms Group ", competing TV stations file a law suit against the senator's company, arguing that his new exclusive broadcasting technique " Mimecon " would create a technical monopoly.

While prevailing opinion at the time held that competition between the many companies was the best way to improve service and keep prices low, Insull believed that a regulated monopoly, giving exclusive operating rights in a specific territory to one company in exchange for state control over service terms and prices, would be most beneficial for both utilities and customers.

Plans for an additional reservoir at Wentworth Castle, above the Worsbrough reservoir, were opposed in the House of Lords, unless the Company would release its exclusive rights to build tramways from the canal to local collieries, and the bill was withdrawn, rather than agree to a clause which would have broken their monopoly on the coal reserves near to the canal.

Benedict VIII would later declare the Armenian hermit Symeon a saint, but it was not until the time of Pope Innocent III that popes claimed an exclusive monopoly on the creation of saints.

It was a word he was proud of, a word that meant much to him, and he used it with great pleasure, almost as if it were an exclusive possession, and more: he sensed himself to be very highly educated, four cuts above any of the folks back home.

The difference is important, for although the older law of nations did cover relationships among sovereigns, this was by no means its exclusive domain.

It was the collage that made the terms of this dilemma clear: the representational could be restored and preserved only on the flat and literal surface now that illusion and representation had become, for the first time, mutually exclusive alternatives.

This was going to be it now, any second, and what he had to remember was to keep his eye on the razor, no matter what, even if Roberts should feint with a kick to the groin, the deadly hand was his exclusive concern.

Failing to find what was wanted, as was most likely, check out other guests, with special -- but not exclusive -- attention to those with rooms on the street.

The Unitarian clergy were an exclusive club of cultivated gentlemen -- as the term was then understood in the Back Bay -- and Parker was definitely not a gentleman, either in theology or in manners.

That kind of poverty was regarded as the exclusive property of the East, which created depressions with their stock markets and their congested populations and their greedy centralization of industries, protected by discriminatory freight rates.

Third party development for the 7800 was limited as most game companies were locked into exclusive agreements with Nintendo for the NES.

Image showing shock waves from NASA's X-43A hypersonic research vehicle in flight at Mach 7, generated using a computational fluid dynamics algorithm. On September 30, 1935 an exclusive conference was held in Rome with the topic of high velocity flight and the possibility of breaking the sound barrier.

Because of Athlon's very large L1 cache and the exclusive design which turns the L2 cache into basically a " victim cache ", the need for high L2 performance and size was lessened.

The King kept his exclusive sovereignty but was bound by the Government Business to cooperate with the Ministers and the decisions of both Chambers of the States ( de: Kammern der Ständeversammlung ) meeting.

Following reform in 2005, which was prompted by takeover scandals, the bank has lost exclusive antitrust authority in the credit sector, which is now shared with Italy's Antitrust Authority.

The bank was given exclusive possession of the government's balances, and was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue bank-notes.

An accomplished amateur magician himself, he hosted several TV specials in the mid-1970s which featured other amateur magicians, and was a respected member of the Hollywood magic community, belonging to The Magic Castle, an exclusive club for magicians.

Under Roman law, Roman culture under the Empire came to tolerate concubinage as long as the relationship was durable and exclusive ; for Roman jurists, concubinage was an honorable de facto situation.

This system was so fixed, the mores so strong, the affiliation and culture so widely ingrained that while nobles were insisting that certain exclusive privileges be theirs, theirs alone and of their offsprings, shepherds in the countryside were insisting, occasionally with violent demonstrations, that their jobs be strictly hereditary.

The Carter administration had viewed the US-created Nicaraguan National Guard as a means to keep the Sandinistas from exclusive power, and had taken measures to preserve at least parts of it when Somoza was defeated.

In return Atari was to get one-year exclusive use of the design as a video game console.

He saw Zionism as an exclusive and separatist movement which challenged the collective solidarity he advocated in his vision of a world state.

According to scholar James Butrica, lesbianism " challenged not only the Roman male's view of himself as the exclusive giver of sexual pleasure but also the most basic foundations of Rome's male-dominated culture ".

When exclusive dealings or tying arrangements are challenged under Clayton-3 ( or Sherman-1 ), they are treated as rule of reason cases.

Nevertheless the exclusive use of Nepali in the courts and government of Nepal is being challenged.

Aware of the potential of the new steamboat navigation, competitors challenged Livingston and Fulton arguing that the commerce power of the federal government was exclusive and superseded state laws.

New Labour tended to emphasise social justice, rather than the equality which was the focus of previous Labour governments, and challenged the view that social justice and economic efficiency are mutually exclusive.

Some residents of St. Stephen who opposed the measure challenged the tax assessment in the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, arguing that the provincial Legislature lacked the constitutional authority to authorise a tax to support the building of an international railway, as that would intrude on the exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada.

According to Margaret Toscano, whose husband was among the September Six and who would also later be excommunicated, Gileadi's " books interpreting Mormon scripture challenged the exclusive right of leaders to define doctrine.

This has been challenged in later work however as the exclusive cause ( biologically trained Jared Diamond's Collapse ( 2005 ); or more modern work on Easter Island ).

The newly-relaunched Network Ten, with Rupert Murdoch controlling the flagship stations TEN-10 and ATV-10, aggressively challenged the long-held dominance of the Seven and Nine networks with the commissioning of several large-budget mini-series, many produced by the Kennedy-Miller partnership ; the expansion of news and current affairs coverage ; securing the exclusive Australian television rights to the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympic Games ; and a strong line-up of Hollywood blockbuster movies and mini-series.

The doctrine is primarily used when a law is challenged on the basis that one level of government ( be it provincial or federal ) has encroached upon the exclusive jurisdiction of another level of government.

The suit challenged the validity of a license agreement with Richard Speer ( Roy Speer's son ) pursuant to which the Company was given the exclusive rights to certain software and alleges that the Company wrongfully made payments to Richard Speer pursuant to a computer services agreement which was allegedly terminated.