The Anglican Communion has no official legal existence nor any governing structure which might exercise authority over the member churches.

In 1790, at least, “ the powers of the court of king's bench vested in the supreme court of Pennsylvania .” As for the dissolution of corporations, there seems not to have been much question that a corporation might “ surrender its legal existence into the hands of that power, from which it was received.

More specifically, it involves study of the different legal systems in existence in the world, including the common law, the civil law, socialist law, Islamic law, Hindu law, and Chinese law.

The existence of a corporation requires a special legal framework and body of law that specifically grants the corporation legal personality, and typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person ( as opposed to a natural person ).

A free market does not require the existence of competition, however it does require that there are no legal barriers to new market entrants.

As the existence of a state presupposes control and jurisdiction over territory, international law deals with the acquisition of territory, state immunity and the legal responsibility of states in their conduct with each other.

The earliest Laos legal document ( and the earliest sociological evidence about the existence of the Lao people ) is known as " the laws of Khun Borom " ( also spelled " Khun Bulom "), still preserved in manuscript form .< ref >

Plural marriage became the faith's most sensational characteristic during the 19th century, but vigorous opposition by the United States Congress threatened the church's existence as a legal institution.

Thus, not only the existence of the crime depends on there being a previous legal provision declaring it to be a penal offense ( nullum crimen sine praevia lege ), but also, for a specific penalty to be imposed in a certain case, it is also necessary that the penal legislation in force at the time when the crime was committed ranked the penalty to be imposed as one of the possible sanctions to that crime ( nulla poena sine praevia lege ).

Denials of the Premiership's legal existence continued throughout the 19th century.

Yet there were no legal documents describing its powers or acknowledging its existence.

Thus ended the legal existence of the Saudi – Iraqi neutral zone.

Thus, they have no legal existence independent from the trustee and his or her ownership of the subject matter of the trust.

The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system due to it being created by the political union of previously independent countries with the terms of the Treaty of Union guaranteeing the continued existence of Scotland's separate legal system.

The legal existence of Concordia dates from August 24, 1974.

In short, in the absence of legal tender laws, the seller will not accept anything but money of certain value ( good money ), while the existence of legal tender laws will cause the buyer to offer only money with the lowest commodity value ( bad money ) as the creditor must accept such money at face value.

The Council of Europe in Strasbourg drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe.

Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, and a decree of Star Chamber noted the legal existence of a press at " the universitie of Oxforde " in 1586.

Sir Jacob died in 1764, and as the other named heirs had also died, the college should have come into existence then, but Sir Jacob's widow, Margaret, refused to give up the estates and the various relatives who were Sir George's legal heirs had to take costly and prolonged action in the Court of Chancery to compel her to do so.

For example, Jeremy Bentham believed that legal rights were the essence of rights, and he denied the existence of natural rights ; whereas Thomas Aquinas held that rights purported by positive law but not grounded in natural law were not properly rights at all, but only a facade or pretense of rights.

B. Rhine, who was critical in the early foundations of parapsychology as a laboratory science, was committed to finding scientific evidence for the spiritual existence of humans.

Since the 1950s, this type of fiction has to a large extent merged with science fictional tropes involving cross-time travel between alternate histories or psychic awareness of the existence of " our " universe by the people in another ; or ordinary voyaging uptime ( into the past ) or downtime ( into the future ) that results in history splitting into two or more time-lines.

Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, " As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

For most of its existence it has battled with mainstream medicine, sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and innate intelligence that are not based on solid science.

Indeed, proponents of ethical naturalism have argued that humanity needs to invest in their science of morality – although the existence of such a science is debated.

At the time the Futurians were formed, Donald Wollheim was strongly attracted by communism and believed that followers of science fiction " should actively work for the realization of the scientific world-state as the only genuine justification for their activities and existence ".

During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.

It appears to me, that the general conclusions established by Mesmer ’ s practice, with respect to the physical effects of the principle of imagination [...] are incomparably more curious than if he had actually demonstrated the existence of his boasted science " animal magnetism ": nor can I see any good reason why a physician, who admits the efficacy of the moral psychological agents employed by Mesmer, should, in the exercise of his profession, scruple to copy whatever processes are necessary for subjecting them to his command, any more than that he should hesitate about employing a new physical agent, such as electricity or galvanism.

As the science of chemistry matured, experimental evidence for the existence of atoms came from the law of multiple proportions.

All these early claims about the existence of microorganisms were speculative and were not based on any data or science.

This includes the methodological naturalism of natural science, which makes the methodological assumption that observable events in nature are explained only by natural causes, without assuming either the existence or non-existence of the supernatural.

Ontology ( from onto -, from the Greek ὤν, ὄντος " being ; that which is ", present participle of the verb εἰμί, eimi " be ", and-λογία ,-logia: science, study, theory ) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.

Worse yet, if information science and theory are correct, the inertia of information itself ( energy ) would likely be required to be first cause to which could then support a cognitive system capable of supporting the existence of a mind, or a conscious state.

Philosophy of religion is a branch of philosophy concerned with questions regarding religion, including the nature and existence of God, the examination of religious experience, analysis of religious language and texts, and the relationship of religion and science.

The Parapsychological Association regards the results of parapsychologists ' experiments as having demonstrated the existence of some forms of psychic abilities, and proponents of parapsychology have seen it as an " embryo science ", a " frontier science of the mind ", and a " frontier discipline for advancing knowledge ".

Isaac Asimov said that, from the time of his first story, it was accepted that Heinlein was the best science fiction writer in existence.

His early juveniles were very much ahead of their time both in their explicit rejection of racism and in their inclusion of non-white protagonists — in the context of science fiction before the 1960s, the mere existence of non-white characters was a remarkable novelty, with green occurring more often than brown.

For decades, the majority of science fiction media fandom has been represented by males of all ages and for most of its modern existence, a fairly diverse racial demographic.

Steganography () is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message, a form of security through obscurity.

The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa ( true cause ) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.

The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence ( mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology ), whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of social science: " sociologie ".