and as this music ebbs and flows, there is an antiphonal chorus from all the atoms outside, in fact from the atoms of the entire universe.

However, this did not explain similarities between different atoms, as expressed by the periodic table, such as the fact that helium ( 2 electrons ), neon ( 10 electrons ), and argon ( 18 electrons ) exhibit similar chemical behavior.

Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as ( nitric acid ) and ( sulphuric acid ), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids ( HF, HCl, HBr, and HI ), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning " acid-former " ( from the Greek οξυς ( oxys ) meaning " acid " or " sharp " and γεινομαι ( geinomai ) meaning " engender ").

# the theory that the whole consists of indivisible atoms ( whereas, in fact, none such exist ),

Modeling objects in this way ignores the fact that matter is made of atoms, and so is not continuous ; however, on length scales much greater than that of inter-atomic distances, such models are highly accurate.

For the study of the mechanical behavior of solids and fluids these are assumed to be continuous bodies, which means that the matter fills the entire region of space it occupies, despite the fact that matter is made of atoms, has voids, and is discrete.

As George Gamow put in his science-popularizing book, One, Two, Three ... Infinity ( 1947 ), " The metallic substances differ from all other materials by the fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely, and often let one of their electrons go free.

Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 as an explanation of the fact that the covalent bond between two different atoms ( A – B ) is stronger than would be expected by taking the average of the strengths of the A – A and B – B bonds.

The very high spatial resolution and high contrast for features on the atomic scale arises from the fact that the electric field is enhanced in the vicinity of the surface atoms because of the higher local curvature.

This ability comes from the fact that bond character between carbon atoms is entirely non-polar, in that the distribution of electrons between the two elements is somewhat even due to the same electronegativity values of the elements (~ 0. 30 ), and does not result in the formation of an electrophile.

According to this definition noble gas atoms are considered molecules despite the fact that they are composed of a single non-bonded atom.

The difference of 0. 00472 u or 0. 03 % comes from the fact that natural water contain traces of water molecules containing, oxygen-17, oxygen-18 or hydrogen-2 ( Deuterium ) atoms.

In fact, any method by which the atoms are directly and continuously excited from the ground state to the excited state ( such as optical absorption ) will eventually reach equilibrium with the de-exciting processes of spontaneous and stimulated emission.

Speeds much higher than the average speed were suppressed by the fact that kinetic energy is quadratic — doubling the speed requires four times the energy — thus the number of atoms occupying high energy modes ( high speeds ) quickly drops off because the constant, equal partition can excite successively fewer atoms.

This fact, combined with the fact that some elements almost always have certain oxidation states ( due to their very high electropositivity or electronegativity ), allows one to compute the oxidation states for the remaining atoms ( such as transition metals ) in simple compounds.

In fact, 7 congeners have chlorine atoms in the relevant positions which were considered toxic by the World Health Organization toxic equivalent ( WHO-TEQ ) scheme.

As noted, the much lower values for gas heat capacity in terms of volume as compared with solids ( although more comparable per mole, see below ) results mostly from the fact that gases under standard conditions consist of mostly empty space ( about 99. 9 % of volume ), which is not filled by the atomic volumes of the atoms in the gas.

Setting his laboratory up in the Delta Dimension, Einmug pursued his work and discovered that atoms were in fact living beings.

The GB tension can also be thought of as the attractive forces between the atoms at the surface and the tension between these atoms is due to the fact that there is a larger interatomic distance between them at the surface compared to the bulk ( i. e. surface tension ).

The fact that products of two STOs on distinct atoms are more difficult to express than those of Gaussian functions ( which give a displaced Gaussian ) has led many to expand them in terms of Gaussians.

Whereas transition metals sometimes attract most of the attention in the study of catalysis, small organic molecules without metals can also exhibit catalytic properties, as is apparent from the fact that many enzymes lack transition metals.

In fact " Casimir's original goal was to compute the van der Waals force between polarizable molecules " of the metallic plates.

The fact that the fluid is made up of discrete molecules is ignored.

Group I and group II introns are distinguished by different sets of internal conserved sequences and folded structures, and by the fact that splicing of RNA molecules containing group II introns generates branched introns ( like those of spliceosomal RNAs ), while group I introns use a non-encoded guanosine nucleotide ( typically GTP ) to initiate splicing, adding it on to the 5 '- end of the excised intron.

Infrared spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules absorb specific frequencies that are characteristic of their structure.

In fact, it includes weakly bound species that would not traditionally be considered molecules, such as the helium dimer, He < sub > 2 </ sub >, which has one vibrational bound state and is so loosely bound that it is only likely to be observed at very low temperatures.

Also problematic is the fact that some measurements on single molecules are carried out in cryogenic temperatures ( close to absolute zero ) which is very energy consuming.

This fact gives each gas molecule had the same effective " volume " in all ideal gases ( although this volume / molecule in gases is far larger than molecules occupy on average in solids or liquids ).

In fact, because temperature and pressure are related, if A and B both contain the same numbers of molecule per unit volume, the one with the higher temperature will also have higher pressure ; the demon must actually let more slow molecules pass from B to A than fast ones pass from A to B in order to make B hotter at the same pressure.

The specialty of processing food by ionizing radiation is the fact, that the energy density per atomic transition is very high, it can cleave molecules and induce ionization ( hence the name ) which cannot be achieved by mere heating.

This comes from the fact that with a growing number of molecules, the number of possible reactions and catalysations grows even larger if the molecules grow in complexity, producing stochastically enough reactions and catalysations to make a part of the RS self-supported.

The partitioning ability of the lipid bilayer is based on the fact that hydrophilic molecules cannot easily cross the hydrophobic bilayer core, as discussed in Transport across the bilayer below.

The debate over whether the organic molecules in the meteorite are in fact of exobiologic origin or are due to abiotic processes on Mars or contamination from the contact with Antarctic ice on Earth is still ongoing.

The fact that mutations can cause cancer cells to produce proteins or other molecules that are unknown to the body forms the theoretical basis for therapeutic cancer vaccines.

In fact, before vacuum tubes could become commercially viable, quite elaborate techniques had to be developed to both initially evacuate the tubes and soak up any gas molecules that subsequently found their way in.

In water, the hydrophobic effect is the driving force for micelle formation, despite the fact that assembling surfactant molecules together reduces their entropy.

Much more important is the fact that the proportion of reactant molecules with sufficient energy to react ( energy greater than activation energy: E > E < sub > a </ sub >) is significantly higher and is explained in detail by the Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies.

It has significance by the fact that calculations on molecules and electron density, and therefore capability of reaction, have been performed on many common substances.

In fact, the Tg molecule, which contains approximately 120 tyrosyl residues, is able to form only very small amounts of thyroid hormone ( 5-6 molecules of T4 and T3 ).

Moreover, its cellular abundance of approximately 400 molecules per cell did not correlate with the fact that there are typically only two replication forks in E. coli.

Crick's controversial message, " You, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behaviour of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules "