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The fatwā was issued following a two-day meeting of more than a hundred ulama to consider the pros and cons of the proposal addressed by government ministers, scientists and critics.
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fatwā and was
There were strict rules on who was eligible to issue a valid fatwā and who could not, as well as on the conditions the fatwā must satisfy to be valid.
# The fatwā is in line with relevant legal proofs, deduced from Qur ' anic verses and ahadith ; provided the hadith was not later abrogated by Muhammad.
During what is often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, in order for a scholar to be qualified to issue a fatwā, it was required that he obtained an ijazat attadris wa ' l-ifta (" license to teach and issue legal opinions ") from a Madrassah in the medieval Islamic legal education system, which was developed by the 9th century during the formation of the Madh ' hab legal schools.
This was underlined by Sheikh Abdul Mohsen Al-Obeikan, vice-minister of Justice of Saudi Arabia, in an interview with the Arabic daily Asharq Al-Awsat, as recently as on July 9, 2006, in a discussion of the legal value of a fatwā by the Islamic Fiqh Academy ( IFA ) on the subject of misyar marriage, which had been rendered by IFA on April 12, 2006.
In 2001, religious authorities in the United Arab Emirates issued a fatwā against the children's game Pokémon, after finding that it encouraged gambling, and was based on the theory of evolution, " a Jewish-Darwinist theory, that conflicts with the truth about humans and with Islamic principles ".
The Sheikh of Cairo's Al-Azhar University later rejected the fatwā, finding that there was no objection to such shows since they spread general knowledge.
Yusuf al-Qaradawi released a fatwā on April 14, 2004, stating that the boycott of American and Israeli products was an obligation for all who are able.
This fatwā was reiterated in 2009 where Indian Home Minister P. Chidrambram hailed the move.
He defended Salman Rushdie, the novelist who was subject to a fatwā requiring Rushdie's execution by Ayatollah Khomeini, and took a strongly pro-interventionist position against Serbia during its conflict with Croatia and Bosnia, supporting NATO forces whilst citing defence of civilian populations in the latter countries.
Writer Salman Rushdie was accused of blasphemy and subject of a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, in February 1989.
What has been called Ibn Taymiyyah's " most famous " fatwā was issued against the Mongols ( or Tatars ), in the Mamluk's war.
fatwā and issued
A fatwā (; plural fatāwā ) in the Islamic faith is a juristic ruling concerning Islamic law issued by an Islamic scholar.
Most Islamic opinions ( millions of fatwā have been issued over the 1, 400 years of Islam's existence ) deal with mundane issues faced by Muslims in their daily life, such as the customs of marriage, financial affairs, moral questions, et cetera.
They are issued in response to questions by ordinary Muslims, and go unnoticed by those not concerned, while the much smaller number of fatwā issued on controversial subjects, such as war, jihad, and dhimmis ( particularly by extremist preachers ), sometimes get wide coverage in the media because of their political content ( see examples below ).
In nations where Islamic law is the basis of civil law, but has not been codified, as is the case of some Arab countries in the Middle East, fatwā by the national religious leadership are debated prior to being issued.
In 2001, Egypt's Grand Mufti issued a fatwā stating that the show " Who will Win the Million?
Sheik Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Sudan, issued a fatwā that prohibits vaccination of children claiming it is a conspiracy of the Jews and Freemasons.
Indian Muslim scholars issued a fatwā of death against Taslima Nasreen, an exiled controversial Bangladeshi writer.
Majidulla Khan Farhad of Hyderabad-based Majlis Bachao Tehriq issued the fatwā at the Tipu Sultan mosque in Kolkata after Juma prayers as saying Taslima has defamed Islam and announced “ unlimited financial reward ” to anybody who would kill her.
In 1998, Grand Ayatollah Sistani of Iraq, issued a fatwā prohibiting University of Virginia professor Abdulaziz Sachedina from ever again teaching Islam due in part to Sachedina's writings encouraging acceptance of religious pluralism in the Muslim world.
In 2005, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has issued the fatwā that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islam and that Iran shall never acquire these weapons.
In 2007, Dr Izzat Atiya of Egypt's al-Azhar University issued a fatwā that allowed women to breastfeed their male colleagues as a way of bypassing segregation of the sexes at work.
In 2008, a Pakistani religious leader issued a fatwā on President Asif Ali Zardari for " indecent gestures " toward Sarah Palin, U. S. Vice Presidential candidate.
In 2008, Indian Ulama from the world renowned seminary of Deoband have categorically issued a fatwā against terrorism and mentioned that any sort of killing of innocent people or civilians is Haram or Forbidden.
This stand is also supported by Saudi scholars such as Shaykh Muhammad Bin Saalih al -' Uthaymeen who have issued fatwā saying Suicide bombings are haram and those who commit this act are not shaheed ( martyrs ).
:" The pope issued a fatwā.
In 1504, Ubayd Allah al-Wahrani, a Maliki mufti in Oran, issued a fatwā allowing Muslims to make extensive use of taqiyya in order to maintain their faith.
The outrage among some Muslims resulted in a fatwā calling for Rushdie's death issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989.
The academy's refusal to express support for Salman Rushdie in 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwā on his life led two Academy members to resign.
fatwā and following
According to the usul al-fiqh ( principles of jurisprudence ), the fatwā must meet the following conditions in order to be valid:
Examples of famous or controversial fatwā include the following:
fatwā and more
* " In Sunni Islam, a fatwā is nothing more than an opinion.
fatwā and by
In Sunni Islam any fatwā is non-binding, whereas in Shia Islam it could be considered by an individual as binding, depending on his or her relation to the scholar.
For, the state may have the power to put a fatwā in effect, but that does not mean that the fatwā is to be religiously accepted by all.
The term fatwā is sometimes used by some Muslims to mean to " give permission " to do a certain act that might be illegal under Islamic law ; other Muslims view this to be incorrect.
In 2003, on his television show John Safran Vs God, Australian comedian John Safran tricked Sheikh Omar Bakri into placing a fatwā on Safran's colleague Rove McManus by showing him falsified evidence seeming to indicate that McManus had been making fun of Islam.
Another example of a fatwā is forbidding the smoking of cigarettes by Muslims.
The fatwā also clarified that there is no Jihad in Kashmir or against India as freedom of religion is guaranteed by the state as any state that guarantees freedom of religion can not have Jihad sanctioned against it.
* Excerpts from an interview given by Sheikh Abdul Mohsen Al-Obeikan, vice-minister of Justice of Saudi Arabia, to the Arabic daily Asharq al awsat on July 9, 2006, in which he discusses the legal value of a fatwā by the Islamic Fiqh Academy ( IFA ) on the subject of misyar marriage, which had been rendered by IFA on April 12, 2006:
Some fatwās have drawn a great deal of attention in Western media, giving rise to the term fatwā being used loosely for statements by non-Muslims that advocate an extreme religious or political position, and loosely or as slang for other sorts of decrees, for example:
fatwā and .
The person who issues a fatwā is called, in that respect, a mufti, i. e. an issuer of fatwā, from the verb أ َ ف ْ ت َ ى < nowiki >'</ nowiki > aftā = " he gave a formal legal opinion on ".
This is not necessarily a formal position since most Muslims argue that anyone trained in Islamic law may give an opinion ( fatwā ) on its teachings.
If a fatwā does not break new ground, then it is simply called a ruling.
This is indeed one possibility among others ( and would be in the case of something Haraam ), though it is a rare use for a fatwā.
The term's correct definition is broader, since a fatwā may concern any aspect of individual life, social norms, religion, war, peace, jihad, and politics.
A fatwā is not automatically part of Islamic teachings.
This means that there are numerous contradictory fatwā, prescribing or proscribing a certain behavior.
In theory, such fatwā should rarely be contradictory.
If two fatwā are potentially contradictory, the ruling bodies ( combined civil and religious law ) would attempt to define a compromise interpretation that will eliminate the resulting ambiguity.
In these cases, the national theocracies expect fatwā to be settled law.
In nations where Islamic law is not the basis of law ( as is the case in various Asian and African countries ), different mujtahids can issue contradictory fatwā.
In such cases, Muslims would typically honour the fatwā deriving from the leadership of their religious tradition.
For example, Sunni Muslims would favor a Sunni fatwā whereas Shiite would follow a Shi ' a one.
But it can only render fatwā that are not binding on anyone.
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