The litigation over patents between all the major American film-making companies had continued, and at the end of 1908 they decided to pool their patents and form a trust to use them to control the American film business.

Up to 1913, most American film production was still carried out around New York, but because of the monopoly of Thomas Edison's film patents, many filmmakers had moved to Southern California, hoping to escape the litany of lawsuits that the Edison Company had been bringing to protect its monopoly.

* 1926 – Fox Film buys the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film.

Likewise, the Trust's control of patents on motion picture cameras ensured that only MPPC studios were able to film, and the projector patents allowed the Trust to make licensing agreements with distributors and theaters – and thus determine who screened their films and where.

Patent royalties to the MPPC ended in September 1913 with the expiration of the last of the patents filed in the mid-1890s at the dawn of commercial film production and exhibition.

* 1898 – Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film.

* July 23 – Fox Film buys the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film.

Almost opposite is the former Odeon Cinema, now Habitat, with its iconic façade which carries high upon it a large sculptured medallion of the now almost-forgotten William Friese-Greene, who claimed to have invented celluloid film and cameras before any subsequent patents.

Randolph Bray, in collaboration with Earl Hurd, developed the patents that nearly made them the Motion Picture Patents Company of animated film.

At the time of the formation of the MPPC, Thomas Edison owned most of the major patents relating to motion pictures, including that for raw film.

The Edison Trust was soon ended by two decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States: one in 1912, which canceled the patent on raw film, and a second in 1915, which cancelled all MPPC patents.

" This includes the film industry of Hollywood who used piracy in order to escape the controls of Thomas Edison's patents.

* Edwin H. Land patents Polaroid polarizing film.

Polaroid also has a separate suit with Fujifilm and their instant film patents in Japan.

In 1902, Pathé acquired the Lumière brothers ' patents and then set about to design an improved studio camera and to make their own film stock.

To avoid violating Edison ’ s motion picture patents, Biograph cameras from 1895 to 1902 used a large-format film measuring 2-23 / 32 inches ( 68 mm ) wide, with an image area of 2 × 2½ inches, four times that of Edison ’ s 35 mm format.

Although Fox owned the Case patents, the work of Freeman Harrison Owens, and the American rights to the German Tri-Ergon patents, the Movietone sound film system uses only the inventions of Case Research Lab.

Fox was seriously injured in a July 1929 car accident, lost his company in 1930 when his loans were called in, and lost the 1936 lawsuit in the U. S. Supreme Court against the film industry for violating the Tri-Ergon patents he owned.

Although the film followed the story rather closely ( except for the lack of references to Venus, Titan, flying cars, skull phones, temporary marriages, time-distortion drugs, nuclear wars and governmental " Schedules ") it was not successful with either the critics or the public.

These wars have provided source material for both Indian and Pakistani film and television dramatists, who have adapted events of the war for the purposes of drama and to please target audiences in their nations.

Johansen is featured in the documentary film info wars.

This film shows Afghanistan and its people the way they were before the wars that wracked the country, particularly their love for the sport of buzkashi.

In most variations on the Buck Rogers mythos ( comic strip, TV series, feature film ), Earth of the 25th century ( where the action takes place ) is recovering from various atomic wars, usually variations on World War III.

The film ends with the question of who is more insane, those in the asylum or those who create wars.

It appears in the franchise's three prequel movies and the Star Wars Expanded Universe and is documented to be formed by a species called Neimoidias representing the Neimoidian Inner Circle from Neimoidia who are cousins of the Duros from Duro 350 years before the original star wars film takes place.

The conflict is first mentioned in the film Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope ( 1977 ), but no details are given ( except for the implication of clones being involved ), and the wars themselves are not featured until the series ' fifth and sixth films, Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ), the second and third episodes of the six-part Star Wars film series.

The story is one of the subjects of the documentary film, info wars.

Having unsuccessfully attempted to establish a film company between the wars, Ridley rejoined the army in 1939 with the rank of Major.

Pupils have continued to go on to later fame-Patrick Abercrombie, pioneer Town Planner ; Sir Malcolm Campbell, motor racer ; James Elroy Flecker, poet and playwright: CRW Nevinson, official war artist in both wars ; WH Pratt ( Boris Karloff ), film actor ; E. J.

For cost reasons ( much of the story was set in Indochina against the background of wars there ) the BBC did not film The Honourable Schoolboy, the middle novel of the Quest for Karla trilogy — even the Far Eastern parts of Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy were relocated to Portugal for the television adaptation.

Before her death, with Harris's support, Raye sued Bette Midler and the producers of the movie For the Boys in the early 1990s, claiming that the film was based on Martha's extensive experience as a much-loved entertainer of US troops during three wars.

Wolverine's origin is shown in X-Men Origins: Wolverine, the fourth film in the X-Men film series ( which, in the beginning of the film, is based strongly on the Origin comics ), along with his and Victor Creed / Sabretooth's role on the two world wars, Weapon X, Team X and turning on each other.

In the third film in the franchise, the bugs are referred to as " Archie ," similar to nicknames given to Germans (" Jerry ") and the Viet Cong (" Charlie ") in their respective wars.

Info Wars ( styled as info wars ) is a 2004 film which shows the mechanics of modern information warfare and media hacking.

Also that year he starred in the film Race for the Yankee Zephyr, Geoff Murphy's end of the world tale, The Quiet Earth ( 1985 ), Utu ( 1983 ), about the land wars of the 1860s, a cameo role in Murphy's Goodbye Pork Pie ( 1981 ), and Heart of the Stag ( 1984 ).

* A short film by award-winning filmmaker Stefan Nadelman depicting several wars using computer animated food entitled Food Fight.

Produced by Charles Roven and released by Kings Road Entertainment, the film is set in a post-apocalyptic future, where the wars waged in the 20th century have left the world barren and the past forgotten.

Their experiences were documented in the film The Yes Men, distributed by United Artists, the film documentary info wars, and the book The Yes Men: The True Story of the End of the World Trade Organization ( ISBN 0-9729529-9-3 ).

An early film by a competitor of the Wizard of Menlo Park simply showed a long kiss performed by two actors of the contemporary stage.

Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed approximately a film a year, including a number of highly regarded films such as Ikiru ( 1952 ), Seven Samurai ( 1954 ) and Yojimbo ( 1961 ).

With the increasing production of talking pictures in the early 1930s, film narrators like Heigo began to lose work, and Akira moved back in with his parents.

Milne was an early screenwriter for the nascent British film industry, writing four stories filmed in 1920 for the company Minerva Films ( founded in 1920 by the actor Leslie Howard and his friend and story editor Adrian Brunel ).

French stage and early film actress Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet, ca.

A very successful Portuguese feature film was made in the early 20th century that dramatically captured the primitive and dangerous life of these fishermen.

The television, film, book, costume, home decoration, and confectionery industries use this time of year to promote products closely associated with such a holiday, with promotions going from early September to 31 October, since their themes rapidly lose strength once the holiday ends, and advertising starts concentrating on Christmas.

After two successful comedy albums, Comedy Minus One ( 1973 ) and the Grammy Award-nominated A Star Is Bought ( 1975 ), Brooks left the stand-up circuit to try his hand as a filmmaker ; his first film, The Famous Comedians School, was a satiric short that appeared on PBS and was an early example of the mockumentary sub-genre.

Virtually all productions today, however, use the original ending, as do nearly all of the film versions of this play, including Dariush Mehrjui's Sara ( the Argentine version, made in 1943 and starring Delia Garcés, does not ; it also modernizes the story, setting it in the early 1940s ).

The MPAA gave it an NC-17 rating for a shot of a female Deadite being decapitated early on in the film.

Benny Andersson has written music to several films for screen and television ; the first attempt in the early 1970s for the obscure Swedish movie The Seduction Of Inga: the film flopped, but the ' Björn & Benny ' single " She's My Kind Of Girl " surprised the composers by being released in Japan and becoming a Top 10 hit ( the song renamed in Japan as " The Little Girl Of The Cold Wind ").

Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, De Palma worked repeatedly with actors Jennifer Salt, Amy Irving, Nancy Allen ( his wife from 1979 to 1983 ), Gary Sinise, John Lithgow, William Finley, Charles Durning, Gerrit Graham, cinematographers Stephen H. Burum and Vilmos Zsigmond ( see List of noted film director and cinematographer collaborations ), set designer Jack Fisk, and composers Bernard Herrmann, John Williams and Pino Donaggio.

Terrence Malick credits seeing De Palma's early films on college campus tours as a validation of independent film, and subsequently switched his attention from philosophy to filmmaking.

Among the tracks he recorded was an early version of " That'll Be The Day ", which took its title from a line that John Wayne's character says repeatedly in the 1956 film The Searchers.

Despite his ill health, Haley began compiling notes for possible use as a basis for either a biographical film based on his life, or a published autobiography ( accounts differ ), and there were plans for him to record an album in Memphis, Tennessee, when the brain tumor began affecting his behavior and he went back to his home in Harlingen, Texas, where he died early in the morning of February 9, 1981.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, numerous media reports emerged that plans were underway to do a biopic based upon Haley's life, with Beau Bridges, Jeff Bridges and John Ritter all at one point being mentioned as actors in line to play Haley ( according to Goldmine Magazine, Ritter attempted to buy the film rights to Sound and Glory ).

* BBS Productions, highly influential film production company of early 1970s New Hollywood

A silent film of one of these early streetcars in Berkeley can be seen at the Library of Congress website: " A Trip To Berkeley, California "

Also in the early 1970s, the soundtrack for the ground-breaking animated film Fritz The Cat contained his song " Bo Diddley ", in which a crow idly finger-pops along to the track.

One advantage Chaplin found in sound technology was the ability to record a musical score for the film ; he also took the opportunity to mock the talkies, opening City Lights with a squeaky, unintelligible speech that " burlesqued the metallic tones of early talky voices ".

It was not uncommon for the early romantic comedy film to also be a screwball comedy film.

In the United Kingdom, film adaptations of stage farces were popular in the early 1930s, while the music hall tradition strongly influenced film comedy into the 1940s with Will Hay and George Formby among the top comedy stars of the time.

Singin ' in the Rain is another film adopted by American gay culture which used to regularly be shown during the 1980s and early 1990s for extended runs.