In 1999, the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Biomedical Informatics deployed the first automated bioterrorism detection system, called RODS ( Real-Time Outbreak Disease Surveillance ).

Spectroscopic studies revealed absorption lines in the Jovian spectrum due to diatomic sulfur ( S < sub > 2 </ sub >) and carbon disulfide ( CS < sub > 2 </ sub >), the first detection of either in Jupiter, and only the second detection of S < sub > 2 </ sub > in any astronomical object.

DASI made the first detection of the polarization of the CMB and the CBI provided the first E-mode polarization spectrum with compelling evidence that it is out of phase with the T-mode spectrum.

The first confirmed detection came in 1992, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257 + 12.

The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star 51 Pegasi.

This discovery was confirmed, and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets.

On 6 October 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the University of Geneva announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star, namely the nearby G-type star 51 Pegasi.

The first historical uses of the Geiger principle were for the detection of alpha and beta particles, and the instrument is still used for this purpose today.

In April 2007, astronomers announced that the Swedish-built Odin satellite had made the first detection of clouds of molecular oxygen in space, following observations in the constellation Ophiuchus.

In 1979 Ronald Reagan visited the NORAD command base under Cheyenne Mountain where he was first introduced to the extensive tracking and detection systems extending throughout the world and into space.

This work, for the Anti-Submarine Division of the British Naval Staff, was undertaken in utmost secrecy, and used quartz piezoelectric crystals to produce the world's first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus.

These included sonobuoys, first developed by the British in 1944 under the codename High Tea, dipping / dunking sonar and mine detection sonar.

This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an Ap chemically peculiar star.

Pressurized nitrogen in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for meteoroid detection.

The use of systematic cyclic codes, which encode messages by adding a fixed-length check value, for the purpose of error detection in communication networks, was first proposed by W. Wesley Peterson during 1961.

In January 2005, astronomers announced the first detection of magnetic fields around the central stars of two planetary nebulae, and hypothesised that the fields might be partly or wholly responsible for their remarkable shapes.

* The first detection of magnetic fields in the central stars of four planetary nebulae

This was likely the first balloon-based detection of X-rays from a discrete cosmic X-ray source.

With the initial detection of an extrasolar X-ray source, the first question usually asked is " What is the source?

The first detection of a Coronal mass ejection ( CME ) as such was made on December 1, 1971 by R. Tousey of the US Naval Research Laboratory using OSO 7.

The same experiment, known as ICARUS and based on a new technique of electronic detection of ionizing events in ultra-pure liquid argon, is aiming at the direct detection of the neutrinos emitted from the Sun, a first rudimentary neutrino telescope to explore neutrino signals of cosmic nature.

These pioneers are known in the Malagasy oral tradition as the Ntaolo, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian * tau-ulu, literally " first men ", from * tau, " man ", and * ulu, " head ", " first ", " origin ", " beginning ".

The first generation is the electronic leptons, comprising the electron () and electron neutrino (); the second is the muonic leptons, comprising the muon () and muon neutrino (); and the third is the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau () and the tau neutrino ().

But this originality is made also – and for a part surely as important – from the agreement alternatively offered by these dialects, either with the ones from the west of the oil language ( from the English Channel to the Gironde river rules the type j ’ allons ( nous allons, we go ), while the Limousin language uses " n ’" or " nous " as a pronoun subject for the first persons plural, that the South does not express ; " aller, avoine "… are opposed to " ana, civada "… from the south and the east ,-either with the ones from the oc language ( from the Pyrenees to the Loire river " abeille " contrasts with the " avette " from Touraine and Anjou and the " mouche à miel " from Berry and Orleanese ; fisson, ( bee sting, aiguillon de guêpe ), vergne ( aulne, alder ) are said also in Limousin and in the South, but don't pass the Loire river in the north ; i. e. as well the French forms " aile ", " tel ", " brebis "… which are, in the countries over the Loire, " ale ", " tau ", " oueille "...)"

But this originality is made also – and for a part surely as important – from the agreement alternatively offered by these dialects, either with the ones from the west of the oil language ( from the English Channel to the Gironde river rules the type j ’ allons ( nous allons, we go ), while the Limousin language uses " n ’" or " nous " as a pronoun subject for the first persons plural, that the South does not express ; " aller, avoine "… are opposed to " ana, civada "… from the south and the east ,-either with the ones from the oc language ( from the Pyrenees to the Loire river " abeille " contrasts with the " avette " from Touraine and Anjou and the " mouche à miel " from Berry and Orleanese ; fisson, ( bee sting, aiguillon de guêpe ), vergne ( aulne, alder ) are said also in Limousin and in the South, but don't pass the Loire river in the north ; i. e. as well the French forms " aile ", " tel ", " brebis "… which are, in the countries over the Loire, " ale ", " tau ", " oueille "...)"

He developed what we know as Kendall's tau and he found the two first moments of its sampling distribution.

The first few values of the tau function are given in the following table:

The first volume, published in 1860, contained Woans ick tau ' ne Fru kam and Ut de Franzosentid.

At Princeton, his early work on microtubules established their unusual molecular assembly from tubulin proteins and identified the first microtubule-stabilizing protein tau, later shown to be a major component of the neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

The existence of the electroweak interactions was experimentally established in two stages, the first being the discovery of neutral currents in neutrino scattering by the Gargamelle collaboration in 1973, and the second in 1983 by the UA1 and the UA2 collaborations that involved the discovery of the W and Z gauge bosons in proton – antiproton collisions at the converted Super Proton Synchrotron.

The neutrino was postulated first by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain how beta decay could conserve energy, momentum, and angular momentum ( spin ).

In 1962 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger showed that more than one type of neutrino exists by first detecting interactions of the muon neutrino ( already hypothesised with the name neutretto ), which earned them the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.

A practical method for investigating neutrino oscillations was first suggested by Bruno Pontecorvo in 1957 using an analogy with kaon oscillations ; over the subsequent 10 years he developed the mathematical formalism and the modern formulation of vacuum oscillations.

The first step involves the fusion of two nuclei ( protons ) into deuterium, releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron.

The ability of the Kamiokande experiment to observe the direction of electrons produced in solar neutrino interactions allowed experimenters to directly demonstrate for the first time that the sun was a source of neutrinos.

The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration announced the first evidence of neutrino oscillation in 1998.

This was the first experimental observation supporting the theory that the neutrino has non-zero mass, a possibility that theorists had speculated about for years.

The first neutrino, the electron neutrino, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay.

It was first observed in the Cowan – Reines neutrino experiment conducted by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956.

On the basis of his work in first detecting the neutrino, Reines became the head of the physics department of Case Western Reserve University from 1959 to 1966.

In 1995, Reines was honored, along with Martin L. Perl with the Nobel Prize in Physics, and his work with Clyde Cowan in first detecting the neutrino was recognized by the National Academy of Sciences.

A bubble chamber allowed scientists to track the motions of subatomic particles as they zipped through the chamber ; in 1970, they observed the neutrino in a hydrogen bubble chamber for the first time.

Less than 1 % of the current contents of the universe is in neutrinos, but WMAP's measurements have found, for the first time in 2008, that the data prefers the existence of a cosmic neutrino background with an effective number of neutrino flavors of 4. 4 ± 1. 5, consistent with the expectation of 3. 06.

* Spring-Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan perform the first neutrino detection experiments using the first neutrino detector ( cadmium-water target ) built by them and with the Hanford Site nuclear facility in Washington as the neutrino source ; preliminary results are published in the Summer.