This reaction was studied for the first time in 2007 by the team at LBNL to search for the lightest bohrium isotope < sup > 260 </ sup > Bh.

The first proposed catalytic cycle for the conversion of hydrogen into helium was at first simply called the carbon – nitrogen cycle ( CN cycle ), also honorarily referred to as the Bethe – Weizsäcker cycle, because it does not involve a stable isotope of oxygen.

The team produced < sup > 256 </ sup > Md ( half-life of 87 minutes ) when they bombarded an < sup > 253 </ sup > Es target with alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) in the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory's 60-inch cyclotron (< sup > 256 </ sup > Md was the first isotope of any element to be synthesized one atom at a time ).

Meitnerium was first synthesized on August 29, 1982 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research ( Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ) in Darmstadt .< ref name = 82Mu01 > The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of iron-58 and detected a single atom of the isotope meitnerium-266:

Although not called " neutronium ", the National Nuclear Data Center's Nuclear Wallet Cards lists as its first " isotope " an " element " with the symbol n and atomic number Z = 0 and mass number A = 1.

For example geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth, and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian – Triassic extinction event .< ref name =" Twitchett "> A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, often helps by using comparisons of different modern organisms ' DNA and RNA to re-construct evolutionary " family trees "; it has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the " molecular clock ".

Protactinium was first identified in 1913 by Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring and named brevium because of the short half-life of the specific isotope studied, namely protactinium-234.

Instead, the isotope must be prepared first, then afterward, the chemistry to prepare any organic radiotracer ( such as FDG ) accomplished very quickly, in the short time before the isotope decays.

The reaction of berkelium-249 with nitrogen-14 was first studied in Dubna in 1977, and in 1985, researchers there confirmed the formation of the < sup > 260 </ sup > Rf isotope which quickly undergoes spontaneous fission in 28 ms:

The first cold fusion experiments involving element 104 were done in 1974 at Dubna, by using light titanium-50 nuclei aimed at lead-208 isotope targets:

In 1937, technetium ( specifically the technetium-97 isotope ) became the first predominantly artificial element to be produced, hence its name ( from the Greek, meaning " artificial ").

Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile.

The first isotope separator was developed at the Copenhagen Cyclotron by Bohr and co-workers using the principle of electromagnetic separation.

In September 1944, he arrived at Los Alamos, shortly after breathing life into the first Hanford reactor, which had been poisoned by a xenon isotope.

The longest-lived isotope known is < sup > 286 </ sup > Uut with a half-life of ~ 20 s, allowing first chemical experiments to study its chemistry.

In this plant, uranium from uranium ore was first converted to uranium hexafluoride and then forced repeatedly to diffuse through porous barriers, each time becoming a little more enriched in the slightly lighter < sup > 235 </ sup > U isotope.

During Pupin's tenure, Harold C. Urey, in his work with the hydrogen isotope deuterium demonstrated the existence of heavy water, the first major scientific breakthrough in the newly founded laboratories ( 1931 ).

In 1934 Marie Curie's daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her husband were the first to create artificial radioactivity they bombarded boron with alpha particles to make the neutron-poor isotope nitrogen-13 this isotope emitted positrons. They bombarded aluminium and magnesium with neutrons to make new radioisotopes.

In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to.

A thermal diffusion process was conceived and used to supply some of the U-235 isotope needed for one of the first atomic bombs.

This case is often claimed to be the first radiological attack by the KGB, especially when comparison with Alexander Litvinenko poisoning needs to be drawn, although it remains unclear what isotope has been used, if any.

The " MET " ( Military Effects Test ) was the first bomb core to use uranium-233 ( a rarely used fissile isotope that is the product of thorium-232 neutron absorption ), along with plutonium.

It looked as Gavin had first seen it years ago, on those nights when he slept alone by his campfire and waked suddenly to the hoot of an owl or the rustle of a blade of grass in the moon's wind -- a savage land, untenanted and brooding, too strong to be broken by the will of men.

The herd was watered and then thrown onto a broad grass flat which was to be the first night's bedground.

Out of compulsion to say something cheery, Ben Prime blurted, `` Well, we were lucky to be on soft ground when the first floodheads hit.

Officers who participate in the continual practice drills assured me that the President's decision could be made and announced on the gold circuit within minutes after the first flash from Aj.

Unless all gadgets are properly operated -- and the wires and seals from the handles removed first -- no damage can be done.

It resembles, too, pictures such as Durer and Bruegel did, in which all that looks at first to be solely pictorial proves on inspection to be also literary, the representation of a proverb, for example, or a deadly sin.

At first glance, this hero seems to be more rather than less of an individualist than any of his predecessors.

He did not think himself to be firing the first shot of an intellectual revolution.

If `` Jack the Courtier '' is really to be taken as Swift, the following remark is obviously Steele's comment on Swift's change of parties and its effect on their friendship: `` I assure you, dear Jack, when I first found out such an Allay in you, as makes you of so malleable a Constitution, that you may be worked into any Form an Artificer pleases, I foresaw I should not enjoy your Favour much longer ''.

if so, he would not be the first or last commanding officer who has succumbed to bad information and dubious estimates of the future.

At this point a working definition of idea is in order, although our first definition will have to be qualified somewhat as we proceed.

As a proud man, his prestige would suffer if he let Pike dictate to him through the governor's office, but to lower his prices would be tantamount to an admission that they had been too high in the first place.

The doctor agreed, but explained that it would be necessary first to check Fred's blood to ascertain whether or not it was of the same type as Papa's.

Although this kind of wholesale objection came at first from some men who were not technically Puritans, still, once the Puritans gained power, they climaxed the affair by passing the infamous ordinance of 1642 which decreed that all `` public stage-plays shall cease and be forborne ''.

It might be well to consider the literary evidence first because it can provide us with an answer to one important question ; ;

Asked by the townsmen to cease his suit, Greville had answered that `` hytt shulde coste hym 500 first & sayed it must be tried ether before my Lorde Anderson in the countrey or his uncle Ffortescue in the exchequer with whom he colde more prevaile then we ''.

Of Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe the philosopher Whitehead said the Earth's first visitors to Mars should be persons likely to make a good impression, and when he was asked, `` Whom would you send ''??

He replied, `` My first choice would be Mark Howe ''.

Both Alfred Harcourt and Donald Brace had written him enthusiastic praise of Elmer Gantry ( any changes could be made in proof, which was already coming from the printer ) and they had ordered 140,000 copies -- the largest first printing of any book in history.

But, in departing, Lewis begged Breasted that there be no liquor in the apartment at the Grosvenor on his return, and he took with him the first thirty galleys of Elmer Gantry.

And to do this requires first of all the kind of information about people which is provided by the scientists in industrial anthropology and consumer research, who, for example, tell Courtenay that three days is the `` optimum priming period for a closed social circuit to be triggered with a catalytic cue-phrase '' -- which means that an effective propaganda technique is to send an idea into circulation and then three days later reinforce or undermine it.

Even to be `` from hope and fear set free '' is at least better than to have lost the first without having got rid of the second.

But as he remarks in his preface to The Walnut Trees, `` a novel can hardly ever be rewritten '', and `` when this one appears in its final form, the form of the first part will no doubt be radically changed ''.