124-126 .</ ref > While other philosophers also recognized such transitions in states of matter, Anaximenes was the first to associate the quality pairs hot / dry and cold / wet with the density of a single material and add a quantitative dimension to the Milesian monistic system .< ref > Kirk, G. S., J. E.

Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments.

He was the first whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive.

In Shannon's revolutionary and groundbreaking paper, the work for which had been substantially completed at Bell Labs by the end of 1944, Shannon for the first time introduced the qualitative and quantitative model of communication as a statistical process underlying information theory, opening with the assertion that

As part of a study launched in 1980 by Ambio, a journal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Paul Crutzen and John Birks circulated a draft paper in early 1982 with the first quantitative evidence of alterations in short-term climate after a nuclear war.

Ole Christensen Rømer (; 25 September 1644, Århus – 19 September 1710, Copenhagen ) was a Danish astronomer who in 1676 made the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.

) In 1749 Richard Dunthorne confirmed Halley's suspicion after re-examining ancient records, and produced the first quantitative estimate for the size of this apparent effect: a centurial rate of + 10 " ( arcseconds ) in lunar longitude ( a surprisingly good result for its time, not far different from values assessed later, e. g. in 1786 by de Lalande, and to compare with values from about 10 " to nearly 13 " being derived about a century later.

* December – Ole Rømer makes the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.

The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) experimented with a camera obscura, and was the first to apply geometrical and quantitative attributes to it in his book of 1088 AD, the Dream Pool Essays.

He also gives starting at Lemma 4 and Proposition 40 ) the theory of the motions of comets ( for which much data came from John Flamsteed and from Edmond Halley ), and accounts for the tides, attempting quantitative estimates of the contributions of the Sun and Moon to the tidal motions ; and offers the first theory of the precession of the equinoxes.

Newton's laws of motion, together with his law of universal gravitation and the mathematical techniques of calculus, provided for the first time a unified quantitative explanation for a wide range of physical phenomena.

This inequality is known as Hamilton's rule after W. D. Hamilton who published, in 1964, the first formal quantitative treatment of kin selection to deal with the evolution of apparently altruistic acts.

The accuracy of this first quantitative corroboration of Hamilton's rule is all the more impressive given that Hamilton's model made several simplifications that did not apply to the foraging robots.

Along with experimenting with the pinhole camera and the burning mirror of the ancient Mohists, the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 CE ) Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) experimented with camera obscura and was the first to establish geometrical and quantitative attributes for it.

His creation of a laboratory of experimental psychology at Toronto ( which he claimed was the first in the British Empire ) coincided with the birth of his daughters Helen ( 1889 ) and Elizabeth ( 1891 ) which inspired the quantitative and experimental research on infant development that was to make such a vivid impression on Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg through Baldwin's " Mental Development in the Child and the Race.

When chemists realized that substances never disappeared from measurement with the scales ( once buoyancy effects were held constant, or had otherwise been accounted for ), they could for the first time embark on quantitative studies of the transformations of substances.

Measured cosmic ray neutrons in space and was the first to make a quantitative energy spectrum on them.

This first research project was to define Burt's life's work in quantitative intelligence testing, eugenics, and the inheritance of intelligence.

In direct response to Joy's concerns, the first quantitative technical analysis of the ecophagy scenario was published in 2000 by nanomedicine pioneer Robert Freitas.

He developed a pyrheliometer and made, between 1837 and 1838, the first quantitative measurements of Solar constant.

The Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment ( STDCE ) was the first space experiment to use state-of-the-art instruments to obtain quantitative data on surface tension-driven flows on the surface of liquids over a wide range of variables in a microgravity environment.

Carnap recommends distinguishing such approaches into three categories: classificatory ( whether the evidence confirms the hypothesis ), comparative ( whether the evidence supports a first hypothesis more than an alternative hypothesis ) or quantitative ( the degree to which the evidence supports a hypothesis ).

In its first seven years the CEA made five technical advances in policy making, including the replacement of a " cyclical model " of the economy by a " growth model ," the setting of quantitative targets for the economy, use of the theories of fiscal drag and full-employment budget, recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation, and replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of a low aggregate demand.

Later in the discussion this principle is applied to the thickness required of the bones of a large animal, possibly the first quantitative result in biology, anticipating J. B. S.

Ernst Heinrich Weber ( 1795 – 1878 ) was one of the first people to approach the study of the human response to a physical stimulus in a quantitative fashion.

In the first place, a large part of the discrepancy between President Eisenhower's estimate of a 1.5 billion dollar surplus for the same period and the new estimate of an almost seven billion dollar deficit is the result of the outgoing President's farewell gift of a political booby-trap to his successor.

For a particularly robust two-pass algorithm for computing the variance, first compute and subtract an estimate of the mean, and then use this algorithm on the residuals.

It is merely required they have capable and compatible receiver systems operational ; However, this is a variable humans cannot accurately estimate without actually making first contact with an intelligent extraterrestrial species.

The variance of the estimate X < sub > 1 </ sub > of θ < sub > 1 </ sub > is σ < sup > 2 </ sup > if we use the first experiment.

One way to determine this probability, is to first determine an initial estimate.

The first accurate estimate of the number of his works were provided by musicologists only during the 1980s and the 1990s, when extensive thematic catalogues were published.

It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.

For example geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth, and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian – Triassic extinction event .< ref name =" Twitchett "> A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, often helps by using comparisons of different modern organisms ' DNA and RNA to re-construct evolutionary " family trees "; it has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the " molecular clock ".

For example, the melting point, the first three ionization energies, and the hydration energy are greater than those of neodymium and lower than those of samarium ; similarly, the estimate for the boiling point, ionic ( Pm < sup > 3 +</ sup >) radius, and standard heat of formation of monatomic gas are greater than those of samarium and less those of neodymium.

The first concrete attempt to estimate the date of the hypothetical ancestor language was that of Alfredo Trombetti ( 1922: 315 ), who concluded it was spoken between 100, 000 and 200, 000 years ago.

When it was first discovered, scientists estimated that the largest Quetzalcoatlus fossils came from an individual with a wingspan as large as 15. 9 meters ( 52. 2 feet ), choosing the middle of three extrapolations from the proportions of other pterosaurs that gave an estimate of 11, 15. 5 and 21 meters respectively ( 36 feet, 50. 85 feet, 68. 9 feet ).

This has been cited at 10 %, but a more recent analysis of studies and statistics revises the estimate to 4. 9 %, most often occurring in the period following onset or first hospital admission.

In response to an appeal by the City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316, 851, slightly more than in 2000, which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years.

( In 1991 when TT was first defined, L < sub > G </ sub > was to be determined by experiment, and the best available estimate was 6. 969 291 × 10 < sup >− 10 </ sup >.

" Indeed, Diodorus goes so far as to say that " But if any man, putting envy aside, will estimate closely not only the man's natural gifts but also his achievements, he will find that on both counts Themistocles holds first place among all of whom we have record.

which makes sense: the 0 estimate is " compliant " in the second component and the 1 estimate is compliant in the first component, so the weighted mean is nearly 1.

The first death toll estimate is 78 until rescuers notice that 68 of them are mannequins.

The global conservation status of velvet worm species is difficult to estimate ; many species are only known to exist at their type locality ( the location at which they were first observed and described ).

This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe

Contemporary historians estimate the populatian of the Moldavian Principality in the 15th century, at between 250, 000-600, 000 people, but an extensive catagraphy was first conducted in 1769-1774.

This is done to predict problems with the mother ; confirm that a pregnancy is present inside the uterus ; estimate the gestational age ; determine the number of fetuses and placentae ; evaluate for an ectopic pregnancy and first trimester bleeding ; and assess for early signs of anomalies.

These confrontations all resulted in Bábí massacres ; Bahá ' í authors give an estimate of 20, 000 Bábís killed from 1844 to present, with most of the deaths occurring during the first 20 years.