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The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) experimented with a camera obscura, and was the first to apply geometrical and quantitative attributes to it in his book of 1088 AD, the Dream Pool Essays.
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Song and Dynasty
In the famous long scroll Along the River During the Qingming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan ( 1085 – 1145 AD ) during the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1297 AD ), a suanpan is clearly seen lying beside an account book and doctor's prescriptions on the counter of an apothecary's ( Feibao ).
Early descriptions of the production process and glazing techniques used for bricks can be found in the Song Dynasty carpenter's manual Yingzao Fashi, published in 1103 by the government official Li Jie, who was put in charge of overseeing public works for the central government's construction agency.
Native Chinese astronomy flourished during the Song Dynasty, and during the Yuan Dynasty became increasingly influenced by medieval Islamic astronomy.
References to cannibalizing the enemy has also been seen in poetry written in the Song Dynasty, ( for example, in Man Jiang Hong ) although the cannibalizing is perhaps poetic symbolism, expressing hatred towards the enemy.
This economic phenomenon was a slow and gradual process that took place from the late Tang Dynasty ( 618 – 907 ) into the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ).
In the 10th century, the Song Dynasty government began circulating these notes amongst the traders in their monopolized salt industry.
Song Dynasty Jiaozi, the world's earliest paper money
The Song Dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, while the Yuan Dynasty was the first to use notes as the predominant circulating medium.
Capitals: of the Song Dynasty, Kaifeng and Lin ' an ; of the Liao Dynasty, Shangjing, Nanjing, and Tokmok ; of the Jin Dynasty, Shangjing, Zhongdu, and Kaifeng ; of the Western Xia Dynasty, Yinchuan
In 960, the Song Dynasty gained power over most of China and established its capital in Kaifeng ( later known as Bianjing ), starting a period of economic prosperity, while the Khitan Liao Dynasty ruled over Manchuria, present-day Mongolia, and parts of Northern China.
The Jin Dynasty took power over northern China and Kaifeng from the Song Dynasty, which moved its capital to Hangzhou ( 杭州 ).
The Southern Song Dynasty also suffered the humiliation of having to acknowledge the Jin Dynasty as formal overlords.
In the ensuing years, China was divided between the Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Tangut Western Xia.
This included the use of gunpowder weapons, which played a large role in the Song Dynasty naval victories against the Jin in the Battle of Tangdao and Battle of Caishi on the Yangtze River in 1161.
The Song Dynasty is considered by many to be classical China's high point in science and technology, with innovative scholar-officials such as Su Song ( 1020 – 1101 ) and Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ).
Song and Chinese
References to Chinese domino tiles can be traced to writings from the Song Dynasty ( AD 1120 ).
Chinese music composer Hwang Yau-tai wrote the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Song.
In the book of the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, published in 1092 by the Chinese scientist Su Song, a star map on the equidistant cylindrical projection.
Handscroll detail of a China | Chinese percussionist playing a drum for a dancing woman, from a 12th century remake of Gu Hongzhong's 10th century originals, Song Dynasty.
* 1983 – Liu Song, Chinese snooker player
There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, the statesman, inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen ( active 1290 – 1333 ) with his Nong Shu of 1313, and the written Tiangong Kaiwu of Song Yingxing ( 1587 – 1666 ), the latter of whom was termed the " Diderot of China " by British historian Joseph Needham.
This would have been a king of Japan ( referred to as Wa by contemporary Chinese scholars ) who is said to have sent messengers to the Song Dynasty at least twice, in 443 and 451.
King Bu, supposed to be Yūryaku, sent an envoy to the emperor of Liu Song, a minor Chinese dynasty, in 478.
Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century Song Dynasty remake of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, originally by Gu Hongzhong ( 10th century )
Critical analysis of these Chinese texts reveals that certain chapters in the Book of Wei had been copied from the Bei-Xi by Song editors, including the chapter on the Xiongnu.
Image: Meister nach Chang Hsüan 001. jpg | Ladies making silk, a remake of an 8th-century original by Zhang Xuan by Emperor Huizong of Song, early 12th century, Chinese
File: Shenzong of Song. jpg | Court portrait of Emperor Shenzong of Song ( r. 1067-1085 ), Chinese
Image: Songhuizong4. jpg | Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose, by Emperor Huizong of Song ( r. 1100-1126 AD ), Chinese
Image: Songhuizong8. jpg | Listening to the Guqin, by Emperor Huizong of Song ( 1100-1126 AD ), Chinese
Jahrhunderts ( II ) 001. jpg | Chinese, anonymous artist of the 12th century Song Dynasty
Medieval Song Dynasty painters such as Lin Tinggui and his Luohan Laundering ( housed in the Smithsonian Freer Gallery of Art ) of the 12th century are excellent examples of Buddhist ideas fused into classical Chinese artwork.
During the Chinese Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 AD ), not only landscape art was improved upon, but portrait painting became more standardized and sophisticated than before ( for example, refer to Emperor Huizong of Song ), and reached its classical age maturity during the Ming Dynasty ( 1368-1644 AD ).
Although high level of stylization, mystical appeal, and surreal elegance were often preferred over realism ( such as in shan shui style ), beginning with the medieval Song Dynasty there were many Chinese painters then and afterwards who depicted scenes of nature that were vividly real.
Chinese dry-cured hams have been recorded in texts since prior to Song dynasty and used in myriad dishes.
* It was described at length in the Zhufan Zhi ( 諸蕃志, " Records of Foreign Peoples ") by Zhao Rugua ( 1170 – 1228 ), a Chinese customs inspector for the port city of Quanzhou during the Song Dynasty.
Explosive land mines were being used in 1277 AD by the Song Dynasty Chinese against an assault of the Mongols, who were besieging a city in southern China.
From the middle and late Eastern Han to the early Wei and Jin dynasties, the net growth of ancient Chinese science and technology experienced a peak ( second only to that of the Northern Song dynasty )... Han studies of the Confucian classics, which for a long time had hindered the socialization of science, were declining.
Song and scientist
Although this method of charting seems to have existed in China even prior to this publication and scientist, the greatest significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in printed form.
* The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo is appointed as the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy, where he begins his groundbreaking work with the colleague Wei Pu on accurately plotting the orbital paths of the stars, planets, and moon three times a night for a continuum of five years.
* The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo begins his defensive military campaign against the Tanguts of the Western Xia Kingdom, successfully defending the invasion route to Yan ' an.
* Shen Kuo, polymath Chinese scientist of Song Dynasty China
* The Chinese polymath statesman and scientist Su Song has the successful pilot model for his astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng, China.
* Su Song, Chinese scientist and engineer ( b. 1020 )
* Su Song, famous Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and engineer ( d. 1101 )
* Shen Kuo, renowned polymath scientist of the Song Dynasty in China ( d. 1095 )
* The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo solves a heated border dispute with the Liao Dynasty by dredging up old diplomatic records ; he refutes Emperor Daozong of Liao's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt.
* The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and statesman Su Song publishes his Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower built in Kaifeng, China.
The Song Dynasty managed to win several military victories over the Tanguts in the early 11th century, culminating in a campaign led by the polymath scientist, general, and statesman Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ).
Along with experimenting with the pinhole camera and the burning mirror of the ancient Mohists, the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 CE ) Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) experimented with camera obscura and was the first to establish geometrical and quantitative attributes for it.
* Song Yingxing, b. 1587, Ming Dynasty scientist and encyclopedist
Shen Kuo or Shen Gua () ( 1031 – 1095 ), style name Cunzhong ( 存中 ) and pseudonym Mengqi ( now usually given as Mengxi ) Weng ( 夢溪翁 ), was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ).
In scientist Paul Kohlmiller's analysis of the facts presented in The Galaxy Song, the final line "' Cause there's bugger-all down here on Earth.
The Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 ) scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) supported the old theory of a spherical sun and moon by using his own reasoning about eclipses, which he explained were due to the moon and the sun coming into obstruction of one another.
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) that the common artisan Bi Sheng ( 990-1051 ) invented ceramic movable type printing.
Similar to the ore channels formed by circulation of ground water written of by the later German scientist Georgius Agricola, Su Song made similar statements concerning copper carbonate, as did the earlier Rihua Bencao of 970 with copper sulphate.
In his writing, Su Song credited, as the predecessor of his working clock, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere of Zhang Heng ( 78 – 139 AD ), an earlier Chinese scientist.
Although it has become quite accepted that Levi ben Gerson first described Jacob's staff, the Sinologist Joseph Needham theorizes that the Song Dynasty Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ), in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, described a Jacob's staff.
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