This flow profile of a fluid in a pipe shows that the fluid acts in layers and slides over one another.

A critical layer forms at a height where the wave speed c equals the mean turbulent flow U. As the flow is turbulent, its mean profile is logarithmic, and its second derivative is thus negative.

Secondaries also typically experience a different cash flow profile, diminishing the j-curve effect of investing in new private equity funds.

Increasingly, secondaries are considered a distinct asset class with a cash flow profile that is not correlated with other private equity investments.

Furthermore, binding is decided upon by matching input and output cluster identifiers, unique within the context of a given profile and associated to an incoming or outgoing data flow in a device.

This results in a lower skin friction due to the characteristic velocity profile of laminar flow.

2D measurement of the diameter ( d ) of the aortic annulus allows calculation of the flow CSA ( cross-sectional area ) which is then multiplied by the vti of the Doppler flow profile across the aortic valve to determine the flow volume or SV.

The Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor ( USCOM ) ( Uscom Ltd, Sydney, Australia ) uses Continuous Wave Doppler ( CW ) to measure the Doppler flow profile vti, as in echocardiography, but uses anthropometry to calculate aortic and pulmonary valve diameters and CSA's allowing both right and left sided Q measurements.

Real time Automatic tracing of the Doppler flow profile allows for beat to beat right and left sided Q measurements significantly simplifying operation and reducing the time of acquisition compared with the conventional echocardiographic method.

Unlike a parabolic profile flow generated from a pressure differential, a plug flow ’ s velocity profile is approximately planar, with slight variation near the electric double layer.

This sorting mechanism combines the influence of the down-slope gravitational force of the profile and forces due to flow asymmetry, the position where there is zero net transport is known as the null point and was first proposed by Cornaglia in 1889.

Also, as stated above, cover crop root growth results in the formation of soil pores, which in addition to enhancing soil macrofauna habitat provides pathways for water to filter through the soil profile rather than draining off the field as surface flow.

A bullet-like profile will cause less turbulence and create a more laminar flow.

The major reason flaps were not effective is that the airflow over the wing could only be " bent so much " before it stopped following the wing profile, a condition known as flow separation.

The logarithmic flow profile has long been observed in the ocean, but recent, highly sensitive measurements reveal a sublayer within the surface layer in which turbulent eddies are enhanced by the action of surface waves .< ref name = " craig ">

His career in the field of MHD is well-known: 1st method of eletrothermal instability control and 1st usable MHD generator with non-equilibrium ionized gas ( 1967 ); kinetic theory of non-equilibrium plasmas ( 1972 ); MHD aerodynes with ionization control ( 1975 ); Shock wave cancellation by MHD force field around a cylindrical profile imbedded in a liquid flow ( 1976 ); 2nd method of electrothermal instability control by magnetic pressure gradient in an MHD accelerator ( 1981 ); Thesis director about shock wave annihilation around a flat wing in a hot supersonic gas flow: Resolution of Navier-Stokes equations within an MHD force field by the method of characteristics ( 1987 ).

Reynolds also experimented with laminar to turbulent flow transition in 1883.

Within the nozzles, the flow changes from laminar, to supersonic and molecular.

Transport of material in stagnant fluid or across streamlines of a fluid in a laminar flow occurs by molecular diffusion. Two adjacent compartments, separated by partition containing pure gases A or B may be envisaged.

No explanation is offered as to how this could be accomplished with a square sail as the lower reefed portion of the sail would be very bulky and would prevent even an approximation of the laminar flow necessary for windward sailing.

The streamlines associated with laminar flow resemble a deck of cards.

In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.

In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection.

When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates, either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity of the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow.

In nonscientific terms laminar flow is " smooth ", while turbulent flow is " rough ".

The dimensionless Reynolds number is an important parameter in the equations that describe whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow.

In the case of flow through a straight pipe with a circular cross-section, at a Reynolds number below the critical value of approximately 2040 fluid motion will ultimately be laminar, whereas at larger Reynolds number the flow can be turbulent.

The Reynolds number delimiting laminar and turbulent flow depends on the particular flow geometry, and moreover, the transition from laminar flow to turbulence can be sensitive to disturbance levels and imperfections present in a given configuration.

This is an extreme case of laminar flow where viscous ( friction ) effects are much greater than inertial forces.

The common application of laminar flow would be in the smooth flow of a viscous liquid through a tube or pipe.

Argon was also blown at low velocities ( mass flow rate Af ) through a tube coaxial with the cathode as an additional precaution against contamination of the arc by air.

Other forms of agate include Lake Superior agate, carnelian agate ( exhibiting reddish hues ), Botswana agate, blue lace agate, plume agates, moss agate, tube agate ( with visible flow channels or pinhole-sized ' tubes '), fortification agate ( which exhibit little or no banding structure ), fire agate ( which has internal flash or ' fire ', the result of a layer of clear agate over a layer of hydrothermally-deposited hematite ), Mexican crazy-lace agate, which often exhibits a brightly colored, complexly banded pattern ( also called Rodeo Agate and Rosetta Stone depending on who owned the mine at the time ).

* In a cathode ray tube, it is the positive terminal where electrons flow out of the device, i. e., where positive electric current flows in.

For flow through a tube with one inlet ( state 1 ) and exit ( state 2 ) as shown in the figure in this section, the continuity equation may be written and solved as:

James Lind's anemometer of 1775 consisted simply of a glass U tube containing a liquid manometer ( pressure gauge ), with one end bent in a horizontal direction to face the wind and the other vertical end remains parallel to the wind flow.

Increasing the amount of fuel gas flow through the tube by opening the needle valve will increase the size of the flame.

In electronics, other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube, the flow of ions inside a battery or a neuron, and the flow of holes within a semiconductor.

Essentially, the CRESU technique provides a " wall-less flow tube ," which allows the kinetics of gas phase reactions to be investigated at much lower temperatures than otherwise possible.

Conservation of mass says that the flow speed must increase as the stream tube area decreases.

Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam (" restitution ") fluid flow is induced to the pump.

A pitot () tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity.

The pitot tube is used to measure the local velocity at a given point in the flow stream and not the average velocity in the pipe or conduit.

The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow.

As this tube contains fluid, a pressure can be measured ; the moving fluid is brought to rest ( stagnates ) as there is no outlet to allow flow to continue.

Water could be pumped from the portion of the tube inside the core up to a reservoir above the core, or allowed to flow back down into the tube.

The system was configured with the pump running continually to keep the water level low ; on loss of electrical power, all of the water would flow back into the tube, shutting down the reactor.