These areas, by virtue of their abrupt density of pattern, stated the literal surface with such new and superior force that the resulting contrast drove the simulated printing into a depth from which it could be rescued -- and set to shuttling again -- only by conventional perspective ; ;

Using F for the drag force, ρ for the density, S for the area of the flat plate, V for the flow velocity, and θ for the inclination angle, his law was expressed as

Therefore, there exists a contact force density or Cauchy traction field that represents this distribution in a particular configuration of the body at a given time.

Body forces are represented by a body force density ( per unit of mass ), which is a frame-indifferent vector field.

In the case of gravitational forces, the intensity of the force depends on, or is proportional to, the mass density of the material, and it is specified in terms of force per unit mass () or per unit volume ().

The problem with this idea is that while the faster moving molecules produce more force, they also do a better job of stopping other molecules from reaching the vane, so the net force on the vane should be exactly the same — the greater temperature causes a decrease in local density which results in the same force on both sides.

The behaviour of matter at the molecular scale including its density is determined by the balance between the electromagnetic force and the force generated by the exchange of momentum carried by the electrons themselves.

As stars move through an arm, the space velocity of each stellar system is modified by the gravitational force of the higher density.

Lorentz force ( per unit 3-volume ) f on a continuous charge distribution ( charge density ρ ) in motion.

where f is the force density ( force per unit volume ) and ρ is the charge density ( charge per unit volume ).

Alternatively, 5 ml from a neutron star of radius 20 km radius ( average density ) has a mass of about 400 million metric tons, or about the mass of all humans .</ ref > The resulting force of gravity is so strong that if an object were to fall from a height of one meter it would only take one microsecond to hit the surface of the neutron star, and would do so at around 2000 kilometers per second, or 7. 2 million kilometers per hour.

Much of this may be categorized as computational chemistry, although computational chemistry usually refers to the application of theoretical chemistry in an applied setting, usually with some approximation scheme such as certain types of post-Hartree – Fock, density functional theory, semiempirical methods ( such as PM3 ) or force field methods.

Physical examples of source functions include the force driving a wave on a string, or the charge or current density in the Lorenz gauge of electromagnetism.

Strongly symmetric matter: for up to 10 < sup >− 36 </ sup > seconds after the Big Bang the energy density of the universe was so high that the four forces of nature — strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational — are thought to have been unified into one single force.

As the universe expanded, the temperature and density dropped and the gravitational force separated, a process called symmetry breaking.

The electric field is to charge as gravitational acceleration is to mass and force density is to volume.

It also allowed for a much greater population density, and in turn required an extensive labour force and division of labour with many specialised arts and crafts.

This " lensing " effect focused the explosive force inward with enough force to physically compress the plutonium core to several times its original density.

According to this doctrine, the universe was ruled by Heaven, T'ien -- as a natural force, or in the personification of a Supreme Sky-god -- governing all things by means of a process called the Tao, which can be roughly interpreted as `` the Order of the Universe '' or `` the Universal Way ''.

From summer 2011, Operation Licorne, the French force, previously over 5, 000 strong, is roughly 700, and consists of Licorne headquarters, Battalion Licorne ( BATLIC ), seemingly made up of elements of the 2nd Marine Infantry Regiment and the Régiment d ' infanterie-chars de marine, and a helicopter detachment.

The Siege of the Alcázar in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare ; a similar case is the Battle of Huế, where an NVA division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops.

Eritrea maintains a military force on its border with Ethiopia roughly equal in size to Ethiopia's force, which has required a general mobilization of a significant portion of the population.

Some estimates imply that roughly elementary particles exist in the visible universe ( not including dark matter ), mostly photons, gravitons, and other massless force carriers.

Agriculture accounted for 4. 3 % of GDP in 2008 and along with the food industry occupied roughly 7. 7 % of the labor force.

Since the stopping force F times that distance must be equal to the head's kinetic energy, it follows that F will be much greater than the original driving force f — roughly, by a factor D / d.

Thus, the third phase of the war ( roughly August 1920 – July 1921 ) involved the IRA taking on a greatly expanded British force, moving away from attacking well defended barracks and instead using ambush tactics.

For small angles a symmetrical airfoil will generate a lift force roughly proportional to the angle of attack.

In practice, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions ( roughly one third of its force ), for defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine, whereas the opposing German Heeresgruppe C only contained 19 divisions, or less than one seventh of the total force committed in Fall Gelb.

Manufacturing accounted for 16. 3 percent of GDP in 1986 and employed roughly 13 percent of the labor force, making Paraguay one of the least industrialized nations in Latin America.

If the rotor disk is to be tilted forward ( to gain forward velocity ), its rotation requires that the downward net force on the blade be applied roughly 90 degrees ( depending on blade configuration ) before, or when the blade is to one side of the pilot and rotating forward.

It has been proven that applying Grover's algorithm to break a symmetric ( secret key ) algorithm by brute force requires roughly 2 < sup > n / 2 </ sup > invocations of the underlying cryptographic algorithm, compared with roughly 2 < sup > n </ sup > in the classical case, meaning that symmetric key lengths are effectively halved: AES-256 would have the same security against an attack using Grover's algorithm that AES-128 has against classical brute-force search ( see Key size ).

In this graph, electroweak unification occurs at around 100 GeV, grand unification is predicted to occur at 10 < sup > 16 </ sup > GeV, and unification of the GUT force with gravity is expected at the Planck energy, roughly 10 < sup > 19 </ sup > GeV.

In 2001 alone, according to several international sources, 28, 000-30, 000 Pakistani nationals, 14, 000-15, 000 Afghan Taliban and 2, 000-3, 000 Al Qaeda militants were fighting against anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan as a roughly 45, 000 strong military force.

Agriculture accounted for 4. 3 % of GDP in 2008 and along with the food industry occupied roughly 7. 7 % of the labor force.

Both these forces are weak when compared with the forces we are able to experience directly, but the electromagnetic force in this example is some thirty nine orders of magnitude ( i. e., 10 < sup > 39 </ sup >) greater than the force of gravity — roughly the same ratio as the mass of the Sun compared to a microgram mass.

More recent estimates place the Persian force at around 60, 000 combatants, although this is disputed: another modern estimate of the Persian invasion force is roughly 500, 000, with the Persian Empire controlling forty percent of the world's population, more than 100 million people, at that time.

On October 6, 1777, a combined force of roughly 2, 100 Loyalists, Hessians, and British regulars led by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton attacked forts Montgomery and Clinton from the landward side ( where the defenses were only partially completed ).

The tension at c is tangent to the curve at c and is therefore horizontal, and it pulls the section to the left so it may be written (− T < sub > 0 </ sub >, 0 ) where T < sub > 0 </ sub > is the magnitude of the force.

In Australia, Canada and the United States electrical engineers make up around 0. 25 % of the labor force ( see < span id =" demographics_back "> note </ span >).

< cite id =" demographics "> Note I </ cite >-There were around 300, 000 people () working as electrical engineers in the US ; in Australia, there were around 17, 000 () and in Canada, there were around 37, 000 (), constituting about 0. 2 % of the labour force in each of the three countries.

It consists of a mass m, which experiences a single force, F, which pulls the mass in the direction of the point x = 0 and depends only on the mass's position x and a constant k. Newton's second law for the system is

The word meson has at times been used to mean any force carrier, such as " Z < sup > 0 </ sup > meson " which is involved in mediating the weak interaction.

On February 24, 1803, the Court rendered a unanimous ( 4 – 0 ) decision, that Marbury had the right to his commission but the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission.

The bottom two rows ' columns contain electron neutrino ( ν sub e ) and electron ( e ), muon neutrino ( ν sub μ ) and muon ( μ ), and tau neutrino ( ν sub τ ) and tau ( τ ), and Z sup 0 and W sup ± weak force.

On the smaller scale ( less than about 0. 8 fm, the radius of a nucleon ), it is also the force ( carried by gluons ) that holds quarks together to form protons, neutrons and other hadron particles.

However, at x = 0, the mass has momentum because of the impulse that the restoring force has imparted.

For example, if a person places a force of 10 N on a spanner ( wrench ) which is 0. 5 m long, the torque will be 5 N m, assuming that the person pulls the spanner by applying force perpendicular to the spanner.

The solar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface was first given by Newton in the ' Principia '< ref >, Book 3, Proposition 36, Page 307 Newton put the force to depress the sea at places 90 degrees distant from the Sun at " 1 to 38604600 " ( in terms of g ), and wrote that the force to raise the sea along the Sun-Earth axis is " twice as great ", i. e. 2 to 38604600, which comes to about 0. 52 × 10 < sup >- 7 </ sup > g as expressed in the text .</ ref >

An NSTAR thruster producing a thrust (= force ) of 92 mN will accelerate a satellite with a mass of 1000 kg by 0. 092 / 1000

In this case d / dt ( mv < sub > 1 </ sub >) is ( 0. 001 kg / s ) ( 50, 000 m / s ), yielding a drag force of 50 newtons.

If the example were set in the solar system, the drag force, d / dt ( mv < sub > 1 </ sub >), would be about ( 0. 001 kg / s ) ( 500, 000 m / s ), or 500 newton.

For kilometre-sized asteroids, the Yarkovsky effect is minuscule over short periods: the force on 6489 Golevka is estimated at about 0. 25 newton, for a net acceleration of 10 < sup >− 10 </ sup > m / s².

It also appears in the Coulomb force constant, k < sub > e </ sub > = 1 /( 4πε < sub > 0 </ sub >).

In the third round of the playoffs, the Islanders nearly did it again, rallying from another 3 – 0 deficit to force a seventh game against the defending Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers before the Flyers took the decisive seventh game at home and went on to win the Stanley Cup.

* On Earth's surface, a mass of 1 kg exerts a force of approximately 9. 8 N ( or 1. 0 kilogram-force ; 1 kgf = 9. 80665 N by definition ).

Australia again took a first innings lead in the Third Test, but could not force a result, as Malik scored another second innings century to ensure safety and a 1 – 0 series win.

7. 8 % was in the armed forces, and 50. 8 % was in the civilian labor force with 47. 0 % being employed and 3. 8 % unemployed.

The composition, by occupation, of the employed civilian labor force was: 34. 5 % in management, business, science, and arts ; 22. 8 % in sales and office occupations ; 23. 2 % in service occupations ; 8. 4 % in natural resources, construction, and maintenance ; 11. 0 % in production, transportation, and material moving.