The city suffered extreme overcrowding and deplorable sanitary conditions up to 1875 when the medieval fortifications were finally abandoned as a limit to building operations and new, less miserable quarters were built in the eastern part of the city, where drainage of waste liquids was easiest.

The ruins of Amphipolis as seen by E. Cousinéry in 1831: the bridge over Strymon, the city fortifications and the Acropolis.

The other, a work on city fortifications, was published in 1527.

In 1529-1530 he was also charged with reinforcing certain city fortifications in response to the Turkish threat.

In the 17th century, Vauban built large fortifications and the Citadelle in and around the city.

After the shock of the Battle of Adrianople in 378, in which the emperor Valens with the flower of the Roman armies was destroyed by the Visigoths within a few days ' march, the city looked to its defences, and in 413 – 414, Theodosius II built the 18-meter ( 60-foot )- tall triple-wall fortifications, which were never to be breached until the coming of gunpowder.

At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages, the citadel-having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls-was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered.

In fact the area particularly came to be known for its forts, villas, palaces, havelis, gateways, fortifications, and city walls.

At first Honorius based his capital in Mediolanum, but when the Visigoths under King Alaric I entered Italy in 401 he moved his capital to the coastal city of Ravenna, which was protected by a ring of marshes and strong fortifications.

Gunpowder was invented, documented, and used in China where the Chinese military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology ( i. e. rockets, guns, cannon ) and explosives ( i. e. grenades and different types of bombs ) against the Mongols when the Mongols attempted to invade and breach the Chinese city fortifications on the northern borders of China.

Landau was later occupied by the French from 1680 to 1815, when it was one of the Décapole, the ten free cities of Alsace, and received its modern fortifications by Louis XIV's military architect Vauban in 1688 – 99, making the little city ( population in 1789 was still only approximately 5, 000 ) one of Europe's strongest citadels.

Several other fortifications were constructed, making Malmö Sweden's most fortified city, but only Malmöhus remains.

The important strategic location of Maastricht resulted in the construction of an impressive array of fortifications around the city during this period.

A siege of the city ensued, and Michelangelo went to the aid of his beloved Florence by working on the city's fortifications from 1528 to 1529.

In the second half of the 19th century, the fortifications around the city became a major problem.

Due to its strategic location, the Prussian authorities intended to make Poznań into a fortress city, building a ring of defensive fortifications around it.

Philip II endowed the new city with important fortifications, which partially blocked the passage between the swamp and Mt.

In the same age, the fortifications of the city were rebuilt in order to better defend against the growing instability in the Balkans.

Around 969, Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas rebuilt the fortifications on the acropolis and in part of the city.

Firstly, Berlin ’ s medieval fortifications, recently rebuilt from 1658-74 in the form of a Dutch-style star fort, on an enormous scale and at great expense ( and similar to examples still in extant today in the Netherlands like Naarden and Bourtange ), became virtually redundant overnight ; and secondly, the already crowded city became even more congested.

The dedicatory inscription in the fresco by Melozzo da Forlì in the Vatican Palace records: " You gave your city temples, streets, squares, fortifications, bridges and restored the Acqua Vergine as far as the Trevi ..." In addition to restoring the aqueduct that provided Rome an alternative to the river water that had made the city famously unhealthy, he restored or rebuilt over 30 of Rome's dilapidated churches, among them San Vitale ( 1475 ) and Santa Maria del Popolo, and added seven new ones.

The main fortifications were Fort Douaumont, Fort Vaux and the fortified city of Verdun itself.

Panoramic view showing the northern city gate with fortifications. Copperplate by Frans Hogenberg around 1570 – 80.

Most of the remaining fortifications including the Curtain walls and Keep date to this period and were built by the Armenians.

Sulla captured it in 89 BC by setting on fire the wooden breastwork by which it was defended, and new fortifications were erected.

* Structures ; Ruins of palaces, palatial villas, houses, built dome-or cist-graves and fortifications ( Aegean islands, Greek mainland and northwestern Anatolia ), but not distinct temples ; small shrines, however, and temene ( religious enclosures, remains of one of which were probably found at Petsofa near Palaikastro by J. L. Myres in 1904 ) are represented on intaglios and frescoes.

The fortifications too, were allowed to fall into despair and were inadequately guarded.

All the city's fortifications were destroyed, aside from the citadel, which was left as residence of the governor and a garrison for the emiral troops.

Cavalry found new success in Imperial operations ( irregular warfare ), where modern weapons were lacking and the slow moving infantry-artillery train or fixed fortifications were often ineffective against native insurgents ( unless the natives offered a fight on an equal footing, as at Tel-el-Kebir, Omdurman, etc .).

In addition, new technologies and tactics were developed, making most defences obsolete ; this led to the construction of star forts, specifically designed to withstand artillery bombardment though these too ( along with the Martello Tower ) would find themselves rendered obsolete when explosive and armour piercing rounds made even these types of fortifications vulnerable.

Two ships of the United States Navy were named Ethan Allen in his honor, as were two 19th-century fortifications: a Civil War fort in Arlington, Virginia and a cavalry outpost in Colchester and Essex, Vermont.

Around 1388, the city's fortifications were strengthened further.

While some historians read this generous act as a sign that Emperor Menelik still hoped for a peaceful resolution to the war, Harold Marcus points out that this escort allowed him a tactical advantage: " Menelik craftily managed to establish himself in Hawzien, at Gendepata, near Adwa, where the mountain passes were not guarded by Italian fortifications.

The fortifications, known to the British as the Spanish Lines, and to Spain as La Línea de Contravalación were the origin of modern-day town of La Línea de la Concepción.

Once the Siege was over, the fortifications were rebuilt and, in the following century, the walls were lined with Portland limestone.

The Mughals then began to utilize Bamboo rocket ( mainly used for signalling ) and Sappers were special units that laid gunpowder under heavy stone fortifications.

The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and the attackers were eventually repulsed.

The most famous of these is the massive Hadrian's Wall in Great Britain, and the Danube and Rhine borders were strengthened with a series of mostly wooden fortifications, forts, outposts and watchtowers, the latter specifically improving communications and local area security.

During the German military occupation 1940-1945, light railways were re-established by the Germans for the purpose of supplying coastal fortifications.

In 1257 the Venetians conquered the monastery and destroyed its fortifications, although they were unable to expel the Genoese completely.

Non-combatant members of the Order managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom, innovating financial techniques that were an early form of banking, and building fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land.