When the frequency response characteristics of practical components are considered, their effect on stability does not present the most serious limit on the system loop gain.

The effect is that the platform returns from an off-level position at a rapid rate until it is nearly level, at which point the platform is controlled by a proportional servo with low enough frequency response so that the noise has little effect on the leveling process.

Bandwidths ( otherwise called " frequency responses ") for other response tolerances are sometimes quoted (, etc.

In ultra high fidelity amplifier design, the amp's frequency response should extend considerably beyond this ( one or more octaves either side ) and might have points < 10 Hz and >.

Professional touring amplifiers often have input and / or output filtering to sharply limit frequency response beyond ; too much of the amplifier's potential output power would otherwise be wasted on infrasonic and ultrasonic frequencies, and the danger of AM radio interference would increase.

Many amplifiers are ultimately slew rate limited ( typically by the impedance of a drive current having to overcome capacitive effects at some point in the circuit ), which sometimes limits the full power bandwidth to frequencies well below the amplifier's small-signal frequency response.

The 3 dB bandwidth of an electronic filter or communication channel is the part of the system's frequency response that lies within 3 dB of the response at its peak, which in the passband filter case is typically at or near its center frequency, and in the lowpass filter is near 0 hertz.

Category: Filter frequency response

Other bilinear transforms can be used to warp the frequency response of any discrete-time linear system ( for example to approximate the non-linear frequency resolution of the human auditory system ) and are implementable in the discrete domain by replacing a system's unit delays with first order all-pass filters.

The transform preserves stability and maps every point of the frequency response of the continuous-time filter, to a corresponding point in the frequency response of the discrete-time filter, although to a somewhat different frequency, as shown in the Frequency warping section below.

This means that for every feature that one sees in the frequency response of the analog filter, there is a corresponding feature, with identical gain and phase shift, in the frequency response of the digital filter but, perhaps, at a somewhat different frequency.

* Time and frequency transfer

Because such strains transfer chromosomal genes very efficiently they are called Hfr ( high frequency of recombination ).

The transfer function is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant solution of the nonlinear differential equations describing the system.

Thus, with a bus frequency of 100 MHz, DDR SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 1600 MB / s.

Experiments reveal that in some circumstances electromagnetic energy transfer is better described as being carried in the form of packets called quanta ( in this case, photons ) with a fixed frequency.

The frequency response, given by the filter's transfer function, is an alternative characterization of the filter.

Among the time-domain filters we here consider, there are two general classes of filter transfer functions that can approximate a desired frequency response.

The filter response can also be completely characterized in the frequency domain by its transfer function, which is the Fourier transform of the impulse response h. Typical filter design goals are to realize a particular frequency response, that is, the magnitude of the transfer function ; the importance of the phase of the transfer function varies according to the application, inasmuch as the shape of a waveform can be distorted to a greater or lesser extent in the process of achieving a desired ( amplitude ) response in the frequency domain.

With most IIR transfer functions there are related transfer functions having a frequency response with the same magnitude but a different phase ; in most case the so-called minimum phase transfer function is preferred.

The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog bandpass channel, for example over the public switched telephone network ( where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz ), or over a limited radio frequency band.

The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband ( or lowpass ) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog bandpass channel at a different frequency, for example over a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel.

There exist other physical processes that can lead to a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, including scattering and optical effects ; however, the resulting changes are distinguishable from true redshift and not generally referred as such ( see section on physical optics and radiative transfer ).

For example, one definition of bandwidth could be the range of frequencies beyond which the frequency function is zero.

A less strict and more practically useful definition will refer to the frequencies where the frequency function is small.

There is speculation as to whether this condition may occur with greater frequency in the general, untreated population ; successful social function of these potentially high-achieving individuals may lead to being labeled as normal, rather than as individuals suffering any substantial dysregulation.

It transforms one function into another, which is called the frequency domain representation, or simply the DFT, of the original function ( which is often a function in the time domain ).

The frequency response also includes the phase as a function of frequency, however in many cases the phase response is of little or no interest.

* An equalization filter is not designed to fully pass or block any frequency, but instead to gradually vary the amplitude response as a function of frequency: filters used as pre-emphasis filters, equalizers, or tone controls are good examples.

The complexity of any such filter is given by the order N, which describes the order of the rational function describing the frequency response.

For instance, if all of the coefficients were equal to unity, a so-called boxcar function, then it would implement a low-pass filter with a low frequency gain of N + 1 and a frequency response given by the sinc function.

In case of a low-pass filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency.

E. g., a passband filter that has a bandwidth of 2 MHz with center frequency 10 MHz will have a fractional bandwidth of 2 / 10, or 20 %.

For instance, the baseband model of the signal would require a lowpass filter with cutoff frequency of at least to stay intact, and the physical passband channel would require a passband filter of at least to stay intact.

Filtering, particularly in non-realtime work can also be achieved by converting to the frequency domain, applying the filter and then converting back to the time domain.

Equivalently, the DFT is often thought of as a matched filter: when looking for a frequency of + 1, one correlates the incoming signal with a frequency of − 1.

Only high frequency sounds like mating calls are heard in this way but low frequency noises can be detected through another mechanism.

In the Southwest, mountain ranges, rivers and, most obviously, the Grand Canyon can be significant barriers for human communities, likely reducing the frequency of contact with other groups.

The lowest possible energy an electron can take is therefore analogous to the fundamental frequency of a wave on a string.

The frequency of alleles in a diploid population can be used to predict the frequencies of the corresponding genotypes ( see Hardy-Weinberg principle ).

Moderate use of equalization ( often abbreviated as " EQ ") can be used to " fine-tune " the tone quality of a recording ; extreme use of equalization, such as heavily cutting a certain frequency can create more unusual effects.

In the general sense, frequency ranges can be emphasized or attenuated using low-pass, high-pass, band-pass or band-stop filters.

This noise can be avoided by modulation of the signal at a higher frequency, for example through the use of a lock-in amplifier.

A key characteristic of bandwidth is that a band of a given width can carry the same amount of information, regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum.

For example, a 3 kHz band can carry a telephone conversation whether that band is at baseband ( as in your POTS telephone line ) or modulated to some higher frequency.

The frequency axis of this symbolic diagram can be linear or logarithm ically scaled.

* the width of the frequency range that can be transmitted by some element, e. g. an optical fiber

UTF-16 or UTF-32, which can be used for all languages as well, are less widely used because they can be harder to handle in programming languages that assume a byte-oriented ASCII superset encoding, and they are less efficient for text with a high frequency of ASCII characters, which is usually the case for HTML documents.

The Rayleigh Criterion implies that a thermoacoustic instability can be optimally controlled by having heat release oscillations 180 degrees out of phase with pressure oscillations at the same frequency.

The productivity of a catalyst can be described by the turn over number ( or TON ) and the catalytic activity by the turn over frequency ( TOF ), which is the TON per time unit.

This can vary based on rainfall, the length of the winter season, and the frequency of naturally occurring lightning-induced grass-fires.

The FrogPad is a 20-key chorded keyboard about the size of a numeric keypad that can be used with one hand, and is optimized by character frequency.

Electrons can also be emitted from the electrodes of certain metals when light of frequency greater than the threshold frequency falls on it.

A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial and even biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem.

The frequency of the air column's vibration can be modified by changing the lip aperture or " embouchure ".