In electronic filter design, a filter specification may require that within the filter passband, the gain is nominally 0 dB +/- a small number of dB, for example within the +/- 1 dB interval.

If the filter shows amplitude ripple within the passband, the x dB point refers to the point where the gain is x dB below the nominal passband gain rather than x dB below the maximum gain.

This means that for every feature that one sees in the frequency response of the analog filter, there is a corresponding feature, with identical gain and phase shift, in the frequency response of the digital filter but, perhaps, at a somewhat different frequency.

For instance, if all of the coefficients were equal to unity, a so-called boxcar function, then it would implement a low-pass filter with a low frequency gain of N + 1 and a frequency response given by the sinc function.

The overall loop response is controlled by the two individual low-pass filters that precede the third phase detector while the third low-pass filter serves a trivial role in terms of gain and phase margin.

A general finite impulse response filter with n stages, each with an independent delay, d < sub > i </ sub >, and amplification gain, a < sub > i </ sub >.

This is because, conceptually, the signal is first passed through an all-pole filter ( which normally boosts gain at the resonant frequencies ) before the result of that is saturated, then passed through an all-zero filter ( which often attenuates much of what the all-pole half amplifies ).

If F is a linear function, for instance a filter whose gain and / or delay varies with frequency, then the signal will experience linear distortion.

The squelch control adjusts the gain of an amplifier which varies the level of noise coming out of the filter.

where s is the Laplace transform variable, τ is the filter time constant, and K is the filter passband gain.

The gain in the passband is − R < sub > 2 </ sub >/ R < sub > 1 </ sub >, and the stopband drops off at − 6 dB per octave ( that is − 20 dB per decade ) as it is a first-order filter.

In this case, the filter has a passband gain of-R < sub > 2 </ sub >/ R < sub > 1 </ sub > and has a corner frequency of

Because this filter is active, it may have non-unity passband gain.

This grating acts like an optical filter, causing a single wavelength to be fed back to the gain region and lase.

A passive ( unity pass band gain ) lowpass RC filter, for instance has the following transfer function expressed in the frequency domain:

From the plot, it can be seen that for frequencies well below the corner frequency, the circuit has an attenuation of 0 dB, corresponding to a unity pass band gain, i. e. the amplitude of the filter output equals the amplitude of the input.

The Bode plotter is an electronic instrument resembling an oscilloscope, which produces a Bode diagram, or a graph, of a circuit's voltage gain or phase shift plotted against frequency in a feedback control system or a filter.

For the near term, however, it must be realized that the industrial and commercial market is somewhat more sensitive to general business conditions than is the military market, and for this reason I would expect that any gain in 1961 may be somewhat smaller than those of recent years ; ;

Since a lower loop gain and low-pass filtering increases the response time, a practical compromise must be reached.

A team must win a series to gain the right to hold the Ashes.

The result must be satisfactory to qualified peers to gain membership in professional societies.

Workshops do exist, but usually do not last long enough to fulfill educational requirements for most students, who must then attend additional private lessons if they want to gain proficiency.

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A party must exceed a national threshold of 5 % of all votes to gain entry to the parliament.

As a rule, the president asks the party leader who has collected the most votes to form the new government, who then must gain the approval of Riigikogu.

However, males must wait until they are at least seven years old to gain the opportunity to mate.

The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a prime minister who is chosen by the president, but who nevertheless must be able to gain support in the National Assembly.

To gain membership, a nation must inform the Director General that it accepts all the obligations of the ILO constitution.

This is what private traders cannot do, for they must gain ; they will consequently retire from the competition, and we shall thus get clear of this pest without giving offence or umbrage to the Indians.

Since eukaryotes arose from a common ancestor ( Common descent ), there must have been extensive gain and / or loss of introns during evolutionary time.

Thus such a gain medium must have a gain bandwidth sufficiently broad to amplify those frequencies.

A person drinking water from a good stream at his doorstep must " spend " labor to gain this value, at least if this action is relevant to economics.

Political parties must attain at least 5 % of the vote in order to gain a seat in the legislature.

In the UK, students must gain entry into medical school.

Theoretically, the characteristic should be more exaggerated in one of the sexes ; it must be used to indicate dominance ; have no direct survival benefits ; help the organism gain survival costs ; positive allometry should be observed.

The special condition is known as a population inversion, a rather unusual condition that must be effected in the gain medium of a laser.

On the other hand it must be highlighted that his long-term involvement in the war against Germany allowed Western Pomerania to gain independence from the Polish aegis.

In order to lase, the active gain medium must be in a nonthermal energy distribution known as a population inversion.

A disadvantage of the Cassegrain is that the feed horn ( s ) must have a narrower beamwidth ( higher gain ) to focus its radiation on the smaller secondary reflector, instead of the wider primary reflector as in front-fed dishes.

However one must check that the noise figure of the second stage is not so high ( or that the gain of the first stage is so low ) that there is SNR degradation due to the second stage anyway.

Furthermore, the term gain is also applied in systems such as sensors where the input and output have different units ; in such cases the gain units must be specified, as in " 5 microvolts per photon " for the responsivity of a photosensor.