A combination of accounting changes and governance issues led options to become a less popular means of remuneration as 2006 progressed, and various alternative implementations of buybacks surfaced to challenge the dominance of " open market " cash buybacks as the preferred means of implementing a share repurchase plan.

As such, it can also be understood as a risk governance challenge.

The challenge of governance in waste management therefore is how to get collective action across the broad spectrum of stakeholders.

Corporate governance relies on distrust insofar as the board is not to trust the reports it receives from management, but is empowered to investigate them, challenge them, and otherwise act on behalf of shareholders vs. managers.

The challenge also comes from civil society, which considers that the international governance system has become the real seat of power and which rejects both its principles and procedures.

" Their challenge is to create a viable mode of transition from a situation where liberty is curtailed and oppression the rule, to one of freedom and good governance that minimizes social upheaval and human costs, to the fullest extent possible.

However, the Cabal Ministry they formed can hardly be seen as such ; the Scot Lauderdale was not much involved in English governance at all, while the Catholic ministers of the Cabal ( Clifford and Arlington ) were never much in sympathy with the Protestants ( Buckingham and Ashley ).

Many students of democracy have desired to improve education in order to improve the quality of governance in democratic societies ; the necessity of good public education follows logically if one believes that the quality of democratic governance depends on the ability of citizens to make informed, intelligent choices, and that education can improve these abilities.

To some extent the separation of episcopal churches can be traced to these differences in ecclesiology, that is, their theological understanding of church and church governance.

The Roman Curia can be loosely compared to cabinets in governments of countries with a Western form of governance, but only the Second Section of the Secretariat of State, known also as the Section for Relations with States, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and the Congregation for Catholic Education, can be directly compared with specific ministries of a civil government.

Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in many places, such as traffic patterns, cities, political systems of governance, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in politics and economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata.

Because of political and governance structures in most jurisdictions, sustainable planning measures must be widely supported before they can affect institutions and regions.

There can also be non-political governors: high-ranking officials in private or similar governance such as commercial and non-profit management, styled governor ( s ), who simply govern an institution, such as a corporation or a bank.

Some believe the treaty could be an example of responsible global governance for ensuring that plant genetic resources essential for present and future food security can be kept accessible to all farmers and in the public domain.

VaR can also be applied to governance of endowments, trusts, and pension plans.

Use of VaR in this context, as well as a worthwhile critique on board governance practices as it relates to investment management oversight in general can be found in Best Practices in Governance.

The concept becomes a variable capacity of good governance and can no longer be accepted as an absolute right.

In addition, certain characters possess ( or can learn ) special skills to aid them in war, diplomacy or governance.

As a result, epistemic community members in a number of different countries can become connected through intergovernmental channels, as well as existing community channels, producing a transnational governance network, and facilitating the promotion of international policy coordination.

As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-Government, e-Governance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance.

The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance or to the interactions between other sectors of society.

Because the term good governance can be focused on any one form of governance, aid organizations and the authorities of developed countries often will focus the meaning of good governance to a set of requirement that conform to the organizations agenda, making " good governance " imply many different things in many different contexts.

In international affairs, analysis of good governance can look at any of the following relationships:

The varying types of comparisons comprising the analysis of governance in scholastic and practical discussion can cause the meaning of " good governance " to vary greatly from practitioner to practitioner.

Progressive measures taken during his kingship include: representatives of the commons, besides the nobility and clergy, were involved in governance ; the end of preventive arrests such that henceforward all arrests had to be first presented to a judge to determine the detention measure ; and fiscal innovation, such as negotiating extraordinary taxes with the mercantile classes and direct taxation of the Church, rather than debasement of the coinage.

The principal measure of the 1858 session would be a bill to re-organise governance of India, the Indian Mutiny having exposed the inadequacy of dual control.

This would be the impetus behind the later Han synthesis incorporating the more moderate schools of political governance.

It should be noted, however, that the Class Action Fairness Act contains carve-outs for, ' inter alia ', shareholder class actions covered by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and those concerning internal corporate governance issues ( the latter typically being brought as shareholder derivative actions in the state courts of Delaware, the state of incorporation of most large corporations ).

Investors generally had to be given an equal say in corporate governance, and corporations were required to comply with the purposes expressed in their charters.

However, this approach has been only somewhat more effective than the harmonization approach: while states are not as concerned about having foreign traditions of corporate governance imposed on their companies, which the harmonization approach could well entail ; they also wish to ensure that the EU-wide system would be palatable to the traditions of their national companies, so that they will not be put at a disadvantage compared to the other member states.

He also emphasized that if the people of Georgia chose this model of governance, " a candidate to the crown should be selected among representatives of the royal dynasty, and he should be suitably raised to be king from childhood.

That military respect for law began The Ten Years of Spring, a democratic period of free speech and open political activity, plans for national land reform, and the historical perception, by the intelligentsia, that much and great political progress could be made in realizing the civil governance of Guatemala.

This ensured for the first time that all the realms of the Iberian peninsula ( save for Portugal ) would be united by one monarch under one nascent Spanish crown, with the founding territories retaining their separate governance codes and laws.

The quaddies, genetically engineered to be the perfect zero gravity workers, practice a communalism in which the work gang is the basic unit of governance.

Although the Sovereign still wears the Crown and her prerogative powers are still legally intact, Parliament has removed her from everyday governance, leaving her in practice with three constitutional rights: to be kept informed, to advise, and to warn.

With respect to actual governance, the monarch has only three constitutional rights: to be kept informed, to advise, and to warn.

A company with good corporate governance will therefore be incentivized to meet the needs of its customers efficiently.

Some of this history, composed more than 500 years after the events, with scant written sources to rely on, may be fictitious reconstruction-nonetheless the influence of Greek ideas on governance is evident in the organisation of the Roman Republic.

Stateless capitalism argues that taxes are theft, that government and the business community complicit in governance is organized crime and is equivalent to the criminal underworld, and that defense of life and property is just another industry, which must be privatized.

Some academics ( such as Thomas Alured Faunce ) feel that whistleblowers should at least be entitled to a rebuttable presumption that they are attempting to apply ethical principles in the face of obstacles and that whistleblowing would be more respected in governance systems if it had a firmer academic basis in virtue ethics.

Nick Clegg, LD leader and deputy prime minister in the Conservative-LD coalition, at the time said " Adrian Sanders is entirely free to do what he wants " and that the committee report " left ' very, very big question marks ' about corporate governance of News Corp ", according to the Financial Times.

The purpose of Central Huijin is to create an organizational structure by which the PRC government can operate as a shareholder for the large " big four " state owned banks, therefore to improve corporate governance and initiate reforms of the banking sector.