The head of state accredits ( i. e. formally validates ) his or her country's ambassadors, High Commissioners or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs ( such as papal nuncio ), through sending formal Letter of Credence to other heads of state and, conversely, receives the letters of their foreign counterparts.

As a result, the duties of the head of state are constitutionally delegated to the Supreme People's Assembly whose chairman is " Head of State for foreign affairs " and performs some of the roles of a Head of State, such as accrediting foreign ambassadors.

Cardinal Altieri, who was at the head of the government, determined to increase the revenues, and he established a new tax of three percent upon all merchandise entering the city, including even goods for cardinals and ambassadors.

In modern usage, most ambassadors on foreign postings as head of mission carry the full title of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.

Among European powers, the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary ( French ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire or German außerordentlicher und bevollmächtigter Botschafter ) was historically deemed the personal representative of the Sovereign, and the custom of dispatching ambassadors to the head of state rather than the government has persisted.

Because members of the Commonwealth of Nations have or had a common head of state, they do not exchange ambassadors, but instead have High Commissioners, who represent the government, rather than the head of state.

Given that under the External Relations Act the role of representing Ireland in the accreditation of ambassadors belonged to the King of Ireland on the advice of the Irish government, between those years the Irish head of state was unambiguously the King of Ireland.

In 2011, some 250 public figures ( head of state or government, cabinet ministers, ambassadors, heads or senior officials of international organization ) attended the annual meeting, including: Felipe Calderón, Robert B. Zoellick, Álvaro Uribe Vélez, Nicolas Sarkozy, Ban Ki-moon, Angela Merkel, N. Chandrababu Naidu, Ferenc Gyurcsany, François Fillon, Morgan Tsvangirai, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Min Zhu, Paul Kagame, Queen Rania of Jordan, Dmitry Medvedev, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Kevin Rudd, Barney Frank, Kofi Annan, Werner Faymann, Leonel Fernández, Jacob Zuma, Naoto Kan, Jean-Claude Trichet and Zeng Peiyan.

World Leaders, also known as Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments, is a weekly directory published by the CIA that lists four types of state officials: the head of state and / or head of government, the chief of the local central bank, the UN and American ambassadors from the country listed, and the foreign minister.

In Nineveh, when the Elamite ambassadors saw the head they lost control ; one tore out his beard and the other committed suicide but this wasn't enough.

Although he is not de jure head of state of North Korea ( as no such office exists ), he accepts the credentials of ambassadors, conducts foreign relations and signs treaties.

After their defeat, Athens ambassadors head to Persia, where they hope to align with new king Darius III.

As head of the PLO's political department, Kaddoumi has primary responsibility for foreign representation, however, PLO embassies were reorganized by Abbas and PNA Prime Minister Salam Fayyad by removing Kaddoumi loyalists as ambassadors in PLO representations world wide.

The New York Times reported that about 1, 000 Orthodox Christian Serbs participated in the attack and that they threw rocks and burned vehicles, a bakery, Muslim prayer rugs, and the flag on the Islamic center, where they hoisted the Bosnian Serb flag ; drove a pig onto the site of the mosque as an insult to Muslims ; and trapped 250 people in the Islamic center including the head of the UN in Bosnia, the ambassadors from Great Britain, Sweden and Pakistan, and other international and local officials.

When Bushman appeared in his undercover attempt to assassinate Russian ambassadors, the Death's head tattoo seemed to be gone and its only remainder a dark, less conspicuous, manta ray-like design on the forehead.

The feathered lance was still above his head.

The flat, hard cap was small, but he thrust it to the back of his head.

Kodyke was to head the dread company police.

From the way the wound in his head was itching, Dan knew that it would heal.

Johnson's left hand was pressed against the side of his head, red cheeks whitening beneath his fingers.

There was something about the contour of her face, her smile that was like New Orleans sunshine, the way she held her head, the way she walked -- there was scarcely anything she did which did not fascinate me.

His advice, his voice saying his poems, the fact that he had not so much as touched her -- on the contrary, he had put his head back and she had stroked his hair -- this was all new.

Nicolas was dreaming he had his head pressed against the dashboard of a speeding car.

At first, I thought he was out of his head, talking wildly like this.

The man seemed to sink a little as Ramey brought the tire iron down on his shoulder and it seemed that the blonde head was turning as he hit the man again, with his fist.

He was disturbed by what had happened on the dive and by what he remembered of a conversation he had had the night before with the German, who had come out of the head while he was fixing himself a drink in the galley.

The bobbing head was a poor target, so Matsuo shot him in the upper trunk.

It was the marine: head lifted, he strained and called.

Then when Miss Langford was on the end of the line of girls, Jack, in the middle of the line, gave an extra hard pull and the young teacher sprawled backwards, sitting down hard, her dress flying over her head.

This arrangement was for Copernicus literally monstrous: `` With ( the Ptolemaists ) it is as though an artist were to gather the hands, feet, head and other members for his images from divers models, each part excellently drawn, but not related to a single body ; ;

On January 24 Paul Bang-Jensen, accompanied by Adolf Berle, was met by Dragoslav Protitch and Colonel Frank Begley, former Police Chief of Farmington, Conn., and now head of U.N. special police.

And, for the moment at least, the governor now found himself allied with the head of the Crittenden faction he had formerly opposed, and Pike was credited with a clear triumph over Woodruff.

But he had delayed accepting this job, and as he was leaving to come home to Papa in response to our telegram, he dropped a postcard to Miss McCrady, head of the Harvard Appointment Office, asking her please to write Northwestern authorities and explain the circumstances.

To the pope, head of the universal Church, to the duke of Burgundy, taking full advantage of his position on the borders of France and of the Empire, or to Othon, who found it quite natural that he should do homage to Edward for Tipperary and to the count of Savoy for Grandson, Flotte's outspoken nationalism was completely incomprehensible.

It was unexpected, unexpected because Lilly walked with her head bent down, down, and her mark of friendship was to look into your face.

Lewis, at the head of the table, would leap up and move around behind the chairs of his guests making remarks that, when not highly offensive, were at least highly inappropriate, and then presently he collapsed and was put to bed.

Orkney, attacking from the rear, now tried a different tactic – "... it came into my head to beat parley ", he later wrote, " which they accepted of and immediately their Brigadier de Nouville capitulated with me to be prisoner at discretion and lay down their arms.

It also recommended that the governors-general, the representatives of the King who acted for the Crown as de facto head of state in each dominion, should no longer also serve automatically as the representative of the British government in diplomatic relations between the countries.

Prior to independence, Makarios-by virtue of his post as Archbishop of Cyprus and head of the Cypriot Orthodox Church-was the Greek Cypriot Ethnarch, or de facto leader of the community.

By August 1954 Malenkov's role as de facto head of government was over ; Nikolai Bulganin began signing Council of Ministers decrees ( a right beholden to the Chairman ) and the Presidium gave in to Khrushchev's wishes to replace Malenkov.

The chronicler of the crusade which was to follow, Peter de Vaux de Cernay, portrays the sequence of events in such a way that, having failed in his effort to peacefully demonstrate the errors of Catharism, the Pope then called a formal crusade, appointing a series of leaders to head the assault.

As First Secretary, Hoxha was de facto head of state and the most powerful man in the country.

Despite ordering a cease fire, which prevented a mutual massacre, Governor Marquis Bernard de Launay was beaten, stabbed and decapitated ; his head was placed on a pike and paraded about the city.

A dejected procession, numbering some 4, 000 according to most of the sources, such as Hills or Jackson filed out of the Land Port with Queen Isabella's banner at their head, and led by the Spanish Governor, Diego de Salinas, the Spanish garrison, with their three brass cannon, the religious orders, the city council and all those inhabitants who did not wish to take the oath of allegiance to Charles III as asked by the terms of surrender.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired by the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing director of the two factories in Paris, and offered Eiffel a job as head of the research department.

Charles de Gaulle described the role he envisaged for the French president when he wrote the modern French constitution, stating the head of state should embody " the spirit of the nation " for the nation itself and the world: une certaine idée de la France ( a certain idea about France ).

In presidential systems the head of state is the actual, de facto chief executive officer.

In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may de jure hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the de facto ultimate decision making on military maneuvers is made elsewhere.

Some governors-general are considered de facto heads of state because, though not the de jure ( juridical or legal ) head of state, in practice they function like a head of state in most or all jurisdictions.

Though " president " and various monarchic titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes ( usually republics ), the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning " leader " in the national language, such as Nazi Germany's single party chief and head of state and government, Adolf Hitler Führer ( see that article for equivalents ).

* Oldest head of state ( elected ): Éamon de Valera, President of Ireland until 1973 aged 90 and 8 months.

Alarcón sailed to the head of the Gulf of California and completed the explorations begun by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Ulloa the preceding year.

French brigadier general Charles de Gaulle declared himself on Radio Londres to be the head of a rival government in exile, and gathered the Free French Forces around him, finding support in some French colonies and recognition from Britain and the USA.