Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates.

Although the terms adiabatic and isocaloric can often be interchanged, adiabatic processes may be considered a subset of isocaloric processes ; the remaining complement subset of isocaloric processes being processes where net heat transfer does not diverge regionally such as in an idealized case with mediums of infinite thermal conductivity or non-existent thermal capacity.

In transition regions, where this pressure dependent dissociation is incomplete, both the differential, constant pressure heat capacity and beta ( the volume / pressure differential ratio ) will greatly increase.

Newton was the first to develop a mathematical model for calculating the speed of sound, but it was not correct until Pierre-Simon Laplace accounted for the molecular behavior of gases and introduced the heat capacity ratio.

Otherwise, they would suffer from excessive heat loss due to water's high capacity for heat conduction.

In particular, Sommerfeld's theory accounted for the Fermi-Dirac statistics satisfied by electrons and was better able to explain the heat capacity and resistivity.

* the specific heat capacity of fuel and air ;

It also has a capacity to convert substantial portion of the intake into Refuse-derived fuel ( RDF ) materials for further combustion use in several energy consuming industries across Pakistan e. g., in cement manufacturing companies where it is used to heat up the Cement Kiln systems.

The conversion factors used to convert calories to joules are numerically equivalent to expressions of the specific heat capacity of water in joules per gram or kilogram.

* Specific heat capacity –

* Heat capacities of the elements ( data page ) — heat capacity

: denotes the heat capacity, of the calorimetric material at constant volume, while the pressure and temperature of the material are allowed to vary freely, at volume and temperature.

For all of these usages of ' latent heat ', a more systematic terminology uses ' latent heat capacity '.

The heat capacity at constant volume is the heat required for unit increment in temperature at constant volume.

: denotes the heat capacity at constant volume.

: denotes the heat capacity, of the calorimetric material at constant pressure, while the temperature and volume of the body are allowed to vary freely, at pressure and temperature.

This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity.

Here C < sub > p </ sub > is the heat capacity at constant pressure and α is the coefficient of ( cubic ) thermal expansion

* The heat capacity ratio Cp / Cv in thermodynamics

However, the glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous.

The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well.

The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.

There are distinct differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids: most notably, the process of forming a glass does not release the latent heat of fusion, but forming a crystal does.

Because of its specific heat capacity, the highest of all solids, lithium metal is often used in coolants for heat transfer applications.

Diffusion of heat can take place in solids, but is referred to separately in that case as heat conduction.

Dulong and Petit predicted in 1818 that the product of solid substance density and specific heat capacity ( ρc < sub > p </ sub >) would be constant for all solids.

This amounted to a prediction that volumetric heat capacity in solids would be constant.

In 1819 they found that volumetric heat capacities were not quite constant, but that the most constant quantity was the heat capacity of solids adjusted by the presumed weight of the atoms of the substance, as defined by Dalton ( the Dulong – Petit law ).

This quantity was proportional to the heat capacity per atomic weight ( or per molar mass ), which suggested that it is the heat capacity per atom ( not per unit of volume ) which is closest to being a constant in solids.

Large complex gas molecules may have high heat capacities per mole of gas molecules, but their heat capacities per mole of total gas atoms are very similar to those of liquids and solids, again differing by less than a factor of two per mole of atoms.

As noted, the much lower values for gas heat capacity in terms of volume as compared with solids ( although more comparable per mole, see below ) results mostly from the fact that gases under standard conditions consist of mostly empty space ( about 99. 9 % of volume ), which is not filled by the atomic volumes of the atoms in the gas.

Since the molar volume of gases is very roughly 1000 times that of solids and liquids, this results in a factor of about 1000 loss in volumetric heat capacity for gases, as compared with liquids and solids.

Monatomic gas heat capacities per atom ( not per molecule ) are decreased by a factor of 2 with regard to solids, due to loss of half of the potential degrees of freedom per atom for storing energy in a monatomic gas, as compared with regard to an ideal solid.

Since the volume-specific corollary of the Dulong-Petit specific heat capacity relationship requires that atoms of all elements take up ( on average ) the same volume in solids, there are many departures from it, with most of these due to variations in atomic size.

* StarCCM + Engineering analysis suite for solving problems involving flow ( of fluids or solids ), heat transfer and stress.

In insulating solids, phonons are also the primary mechanism by which heat conduction takes place.

In a similar way, compression waves in solids depend both on compressibility and density — just as in liquids — but in gases the density contributes to the compressibility in such a way that some part of each attribute factors out, leaving only a dependence on temperature, molecular weight, and heat capacity ( see derivations below ).

Nitrogen gas ( like any gas ) has very low thermal conductivity with respect to water or to solids ,< ref group =" note "> Nitrogen has a thermal conductivity of 0. 024 Wm < sup >- 1 </ sup > K < sup >- 1 </ sup >, the same as air-and the small and enclosed nature of the gas bubbles minimizes heat transport through the gas by gas convection currents ( this is the same principle by which air containing cloth fabrics or feathers insulate ).

This is used almost exclusively for liquids and solids, since for gases it may be confused with specific heat capacity at constant volume.

* MD is the standard method to treat collision cascades in the heat spike regime, i. e. the effects that energetic neutron and ion irradiation have on solids an solid surfaces.

Lavoisier noted in 1780 that heat production can be predicted from oxygen consumption this way, using multiple regression.

He predicted disastrous economic damage from any restrictions on fossil fuel use, and argued that the natural world and its weather patterns are complex and ill-understood, and that little is known about the dynamics of heat exchange from the oceans to the atmosphere, or the role of clouds.

The energy of such a giant impact is predicted to heat Earth to produce a global ' ocean ' of magma ; yet there is no evidence of the resultant planetary differentiation of the heavier material sinking into Earth's mantle.

* Catharine Parr Traill, in an account of her settler's life in Canada in the 1830s, speculated that settlers believed that heat from forest fires set by First Nations peoples " beyond the larger lakes " caused the return of warmer temperatures and other her own alternative theory that the heat derived from the fermentation of vegetation in the vast Canadian forests, which she predicted would cease when the region was well settled.

The Number 5 engine didn't disintegrate because of heat caused by the lack of cooling propellant as some had predicted.

Effective heat dissipation can be predicted across many different animals with a single relationship between mass and surface area.

When the thermal energy k < sub > B </ sub > T is smaller than the quantum energy spacing in a particular degree of freedom, the average energy and heat capacity of this degree of freedom are less than the values predicted by equipartition.

For example, the heat capacity of a solid decreases at low temperatures as various types of motion become frozen out, rather than remaining constant as predicted by equipartition.

Maxwell noted in 1875 that the disagreement between experiment and the equipartition theorem was much worse than even these numbers suggest ; since atoms have internal parts, heat energy should go into the motion of these internal parts, making the predicted specific heats of monoatomic and diatomic gases much higher than 3 cal /( mol · K ) and 7 cal /( mol · K ), respectively.

Therefore, the heat capacity of a gas of N diatomic molecules is predicted to be 7N · k < sub > B </ sub >: the momenta p < sub > 1 </ sub > and p < sub > 2 </ sub > contribute three degrees of freedom each, and the extension q contributes the seventh.

It follows that the heat capacity of a mole of diatomic molecules with no other degrees of freedom should be ( 7 / 2 ) N < sub > A </ sub > k < sub > B </ sub > = ( 7 / 2 ) R and, thus, the predicted molar heat capacity should be roughly 7 cal /( mol · K ).

This disagreement between the equipartition prediction and the experimental value of the molar heat capacity cannot be explained by using a more complex model of the molecule, since adding more degrees of freedom can only increase the predicted specific heat, not decrease it.

Research on magnetic doping has shown that considerable alteration of certain properties such as specific heat may be affected by small concentrations of an impurity ; for example, dopant impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys can generate different properties as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl and Nakamura.

Regional meteorologists were aware of the potential for thunderstorms because of the low pressure system and the intense heat and moisture, but no one could have predicted the storm that would develop that night.

The system is predicted to have an annual efficiency of 99 %, a reference to the energy lost by storing heat before turning it into electricity, versus converting heat directly into electricity.