In English law it is usually created by the decision of a higher court, such as the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords in 2009.

Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts, by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions, cases made in other parallel systems ( for example, military courts, administrative courts, indigenous / tribal courts, state courts versus federal courts in the United States ), statements made in dicta, treatises or academic law reviews, and in some exceptional circumstances, cases of other nations, treaties, world judicial bodies, etc.

The Bishop of Avignon was chancellor of the university from 1303 to 1475, after 1475 the bishop became and Archbishop, but remained chancellor of the university. The papal vice-legate, generally a bishop, represented the civil power ( in this case the pope ) and was chiefly a judicial officer, ranking higher than the Primicerius ( Rector ).

Courts with judicial review power may annul the laws and rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm, such as primary legislation, the provisions of the constitution or international law.

The Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary received £ 185, 705 as of 2009 ( the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales was the only judicial figure who received a higher salary ).

In a governmental note on higher judicial appointments ( which leaked to the press ; January 1999 ), he observed that eligible persons from the backward sections were available and that their under-representation or non-representation was not justifiable ; K. G. Balakrishnan, a Dalit, was elevated to the Supreme court ( 8 June 2000 ), the fourth such instance, and the only one since 1989.

Certiorari (,, or ) is a type of writ seeking judicial review, recognized in U. S., Roman, English, Philippine, and other law, meaning an order by a higher court directing a lower court, tribunal, or public authority to send the record in a given case for review.

Although the rest of this article speaks to judicial processes, a writ of prohibition may be directed by any court of record ( i. e., higher than a misdemeanor court ) toward any official body, whether a court or a county, city or town government, that is within the court's jurisdiction.

The term " Areopagus " also refers to the judicial body of aristocratic origin that subsequently formed the higher court of modern Greece.

In a few instances, the term chancellor is used for a student or faculty member within a high school or an institution of higher learning being either appointed or elected as chancellor in order to preside on the highest ranking judicial board or tribunal.

These courts tried individual cases and served as a higher judicial authority to the regional courts.

One state, Oregon, abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum, but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty / life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin, after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.

The Supreme Court is declared to be " the final appellate court of the State "-in other words, there is no judicial authority higher than the Supreme Court.

Over time a dual system of military (" Central Government ") and civil administration (" Provincial System ") developed a kind of separation of powers with most higher executive functions carried out by the military authorities and judicial and basic administration carried out by civil authorities.

Under the terms of a judicial consent decree, Nashville State must carefully tailor its offerings so as not to be in direct competition for students with Tennessee State University, a historically black university also located in Nashville, which has been ordered by federal court to achieve a higher degree of racial integration.

LAF provides funds and a support system for women seeking judicial redress for sex discrimination in higher education.

Separation of powers has again become a current issue of some controversy concerning debates about judicial independence and political efforts to increase the accountability of judges for the quality of their work, avoiding conflicts of interest, and charges that some judges allegedly disregard procedural rules, statutes, and higher court precedents.

Brazilian higher courts have usually regarded the MST with reserve: in February 2009, for instance, the then President of the Brazilian Supreme Court, Gilmar Mendes, declared the MST to engage in " illicit " activities, opposed granting of public monies to it, and supported an " adequate " judicial response towards land occupation.

Until the English Civil War the Chancellor of the Exchequer was a judicial office with little political standing ; after the War, however, it became seen as a " stepping stone " to higher political appointments.

Hungarian organisations strongly criticised the way the Romanian authorities and judicial system dealt with the suspected perpetrators, because significantly higher number of ethnic Hungarians and Roma were convicted after the clashes than Romanians.

Therefore, Footnote Four outlines a higher level of judicial scrutiny for legislation that met certain conditions:

This organization conducted several strikes for higher wages and better working conditions before ultimately being broken by judicial injunction in the 1894 Pullman strike.

Judges in the United States are usually required to provide a well-reasoned basis for their decisions and the contents of their judicial opinions may contain the grounds for appealing and reversing of their decision by a higher court.

It also provides for forming a higher judicial committee for elections with its headquarters in Damascus to monitor the elections and ensure its integrity, in addition to forming judicial sub-committees in every Syrian province affiliated to the higher committee.

By supporting the efforts of the many faculty members who are working to attain ever higher standards, the president can encourage faculty leadership.

As a youngster living in poverty, along with his childhood friends, Johnson was an object of ridicule from members of higher social circles ; as such, he was commonly referred to as " poor white trash " by the elite in Raleigh.

Informally known as " The Big Book " ( with its first 164 pages virtually unchanged since the 1939 edition ), it suggests a twelve-step program in which members admit that they are powerless over alcohol and need help from a " higher power "; seek guidance and strength through prayer and meditation from God or Higher Power of their own understanding ; take a moral inventory with care to include resentments ; list and become ready to remove character defects ; list and make amends to those harmed, and then try to help other alcoholics recover.

Although ten of the sixteen members of the science faculty have undergraduate degrees from BJU, all earned their doctorates from accredited, non-religious institutions of higher learning.

Team members vote in secret on the next year's members, with no accountability to the higher Navy authority why an applicant was or was not selected.

However, over 110 of its 140 members were lesser gentry or of higher social status.

Gini claimed that nations at a primitive level have a high birth rate, but, as they evolve, the upper classes birth rate drops while the lower class birth rate, while higher, will inevitably deplete as their stronger members emigrate, die in war, or enter into the upper classes.

This stance is also a key reason for the bass's sloped shoulders, which mark it apart from the other members of the violin family, as the narrower shoulders facilitate playing of the strings in their higher registers.

As with all members of the deep-fried chip family, they are cooked twice, once at a relatively low temperature ( blanching ) to cook the potato, and then at a higher temperature to crisp the surface, making them crunchy on the outside and fluffier on the inside.

In the higher court / appellate court ( lagmannsrett ) there is a jury ( lagrette ) of 10 members, which need a minimum of seven votes to be able to convict.

Milton Friedman, Nobel economist and advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, sought to show that unionisation produces higher wages ( for the union members ) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries are unionized while others are not, wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries.

Daniel B. Klein and Stewart Dompe conclude, on the basis of previous surveys, " the average level of support for the minimum wage is somewhat higher among labor economists than among AEA members.

People with MG suffer from coexisting autoimmune diseases at a higher frequency than members of the general population.

Tattooing had been a practice reserved for members of higher castes, and the Spanish had tried on numerous occasions to banish the practice.

Most professional historians ( defined as paying members of organizations devoted to the propagation of history in higher education, like the American Historical Association ) now refer to the historical periods commonly known as the Renaissance and the Reformation as " the Early Modern Period ".

Lower-level competent workers will not be promoted above their level of competence as the higher jobs are reserved for members of a higher class.

This gross salary and these indemnities are the same as those of the Prime Minister, and are 50 % higher than the highest paid to other members of the government, which is itself defined as twice the average of the highest ( pay grade G ) and the lowest ( pay grade A1 ) salaries in the " out of scale " pay grades.

Some researchers from India, Europe and the U. S. claim that genetic similarities to Europeans were more common in members of the higher ranks.

Their findings, published in Genome Research, claimed the idea that members of higher castes are more closely related to Europeans than are the lower castes.

The speed discrepancy ( being about 3. 5 % slow ) was brought to Bruce Botnick's attention by a Brigham Young University professor, who noted that all the video and audio live performances of The Doors performing the song, the sheet music, and the statements of band members show the song in a key almost a half step higher than the stereo LP release.

The Priesthood of the Temple of Set is restricted to members holding the Third Degree or higher.

Given current trends in the UMC — with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U. S. churches collectively losing about 1, 000 members a week — it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30 % of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40 % of the delegates will be from outside the U. S. One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.