In the typical gregarine life cycle a trophozoite develops within a host cell into a plasmodium.

The merozoites are released by lysing the host cell which in turn invade other cells.

The active effector caspases then proteolytically degrade a host of intracellular proteins to carry out the cell death program.

They can be exported in the apoptotic bodies that pinch off from the surface of the dying cell and the fact that they are engulfed by phagocytes prevents the initiation of a host response.

A recent study has showed that these nylon-3 polymers can either mimic host defense peptides or act as signals to stimulate 3T3 stem cell function.

** immune system: antibody — host — vaccine — immune cell — AIDS — T-cell — leucocyte

Once the virus has infected the cell, it will start replicating itself, using the mechanisms of the infected host cell.

It also contains ribosomes ; however most of its proteins are encoded by genes contained in the host cell nucleus, with the protein products transported to the chloroplast.

When an infected host cell is starved for various nutrients such as amino acids ( for example, tryptophan ), iron, or vitamins, this has a negative consequence for Chlamydiae since the organism is dependent on the host cell for these nutrients.

Persistent organisms remain viable as they are capable of returning to a normal growth state once conditions in the host cell improve.

The mRNA is used to make viral proteins to take over the host cell.

Of particular interest have been the genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump chloride ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell.

They are effectively solidified as an ultrahigh density deuterium lump ( Pycnodeuterium ) inside each octahedral space within the unit cell of the palladium host lattice.

Presumably some of these genes are not needed in the environment of the host insect cell.

Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that introduce heritable material prepared outside the organism either directly into the host or into a cell that is then fused or hybridized with the host .< ref name = " EU17 ">

All viruses bind to their hosts and introduce their genetic material into the host cell as part of their replication cycle.

In their experiments, Hershey and Chase showed that when bacteriophages, which are composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not.

This may be the body of a host organism, or a cell in a nest, where the adults will care for the larva.

These include sphingosine-1-phosphate, a sphingolipid derived from ceramide that is a potent messenger molecule involved in regulating calcium mobilization, cell growth, and apoptosis ; diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates ( PIPs ), involved in calcium-mediated activation of protein kinase C ; the prostaglandins, which are one type of fatty-acid derived eicosanoid involved in inflammation and immunity ; the steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone and cortisol, which modulate a host of functions such as reproduction, metabolism and blood pressure ; and the oxysterols such as 25-hydroxy-cholesterol that are liver X receptor agonists.

As an endosymbiont evolves into an organelle, most of their genes are transferred to the host cell genome.

This tip structure, designated an attachment organelle or terminal organelle, is essential for adherence to host cells and for movement along solid surfaces ( gliding motility ), and is implicated in normal cell division.

Legionella pneumophila, the causing agent of legionellosis ( Legionnaires ' disease ) utilizes a type IVB secretion system, known as the icm / dot ( intracellular multiplication / deffect in organelle trafficking genes ) system, to translocate numerous effector proteins into its eukaryotic host.

Once phagocytosed, the bacterium is encapsulated by the host cell's acidic phagolysosome organelle.

Regulators are also responsive to external circumstances, however: if the same sun-baked boulder happens to host a ground squirrel, the animal's metabolism will adjust to the lesser need for internal heat production.

* Primary pathogens cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence ( the severity of the disease they cause ) is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread.

Consequently, a successful meme may or may not need to provide any benefit to its host.

If initially lifeless, then such a world could host a biosphere of considerable complexity without the need for terraforming.

Solaris native Zones also requires that the host OS be a version of Solaris ; other OSes from other manufacturers are not supported., however you need to use Solaris Branded zones to use another OSes as zones.

Since some viruses that infect eukaryotes need to transport their genetic material into the host cell's nucleus, they are attractive tools for introducing new genes into the host ( known as transformation or transfection ).

The presence of this activity in vector saliva is a reflection of the inherent overlapping and interconnected nature of the host hemostatic and inflammatory / immunological responses and the intrinsic need to prevent these host defenses from disrupting successful feeding.

Once inside the host, adult endoparasites need to shed offspring into the external environment to infect other hosts.

There have been calls for the Nobel Foundation to rescind the prize it awarded to Moniz for developing the lobotomy, a decision that has been called an astounding error of judgment at the time and one that psychiatry might still need to learn from, but the Foundation declined to take action and has continued to host an article defending the results of the procedure.

Furthermore, a host can provide a single " SSL proxy " to provide SSL encryption for an arbitrary number of hosts ; removing the need for a separate SSL Server Certificate for each host, with the downside that all hosts behind the SSL proxy have to share a common DNS name or IP address for SSL connections.

The South Glens Falls High School is the host of the annual South High Marathon Dance, where the school raises money for people or causes identified as in need.

When two slaves try to notify the host at the same time, one of them will lose arbitration and need to retry.

Its high destructiveness comes from the fact that, unlike most parasites, it doesn't need to moderate its growth in order to avoid killing its host, since it will continue to thrive on the dead material.

Not only did this arrangement eliminate the need for on-card storage, it also raised instrument-sample and sound-effect size from the AWE64's 8 MB, to the size of host system memory.

For the cuckoos suitable habitat provides a source of food ( principally insects and especially caterpillars ) and a place to breed, for brood parasites the need is for suitable habitat for the host species.

A majority of the functions on the WPN are available to both users, but primary users need to spend more bandwidth, tend to have better connections, and have the ability to host chat rooms.

With earth ’ s depleting natural resources, the need for green infrastructure, a logistics industry forced into just-in-time deliveries, growing global demand, regulatory policy governed by performance results, and a host of other items high priority is put on knowledge ; and research becomes paramount.

Tropical areas host some terrestrial species, though even those have aquatic larvae and therefore need access to water for reproduction.

Taking these two statistics together, it is clear that the injecting room would need to host 300 injections per day ( ie enough heroin injections for 100 heroin addicts injecting 3 times daily ) before they could claim they had saved the life of the one ( 1 %) of those 100 who would have died annually.

Reassembly is intended to happen in the receiving host but in practice it may be done by an intermediate router, for example, network address translation may need to re-assemble fragments in order to translate data streams, e. g. the FTP control protocol, as described in RFC 2993.

Reborn Poland faced a host of daunting challenges: extensive war damage, a ravaged economy, a population one-third composed of wary national minorities, an economy largely under control of German industrial interests, and a need to reintegrate the three zones that had been forcibly kept apart during the era of partition.