Sakharov, in association with Igor Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized plasma by torus shaped magnetic fields for controlling thermonuclear fusion that led to the development of the tokamak device.

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of bohrium by so-called " hot " fusion reactions.

The first attempts to synthesize bohrium by hot fusion pathways were performed in 1979 by the team at Dubna.

Cold fusion is a proposed type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature, compared with temperatures in the millions of degrees that is required for " hot " fusion.

More than 100 atoms of hassium have been synthesized to date in various cold and hot fusion reactions, both as a parent nucleus and decay product.

If confirmed, this would indicate that such symmetric fusion reactions should be modelled as ' hot fusion ' reactions rather than ' cold fusion ' ones, as first suggested.

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of hassium by so-called " hot " fusion reactions.

After a star has formed, it creates energy at the hot, dense core region through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium.

In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets ( actinides ), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~ 40 – 50 MeV ) that may either fission or evaporate several ( 3 to 5 ) neutrons.

The synthesis of rutherfordium was first attempted in 1964 by the team at Dubna using the hot fusion reaction of neon-22 projectiles with plutonium-242 targets:

In 2006, as part of their program on the study of uranium targets in hot fusion reactions, the team at LBNL also observed < sup > 261 </ sup > Rf .< ref name =

Without the outward pressure generated by the fusion of hydrogen to counteract the force of gravity, it contracts until either electron degeneracy becomes sufficient to oppose gravity or the core becomes hot enough ( around 100 megakelvins ) for helium fusion to begin.

After the star has consumed the helium at the core, fusion continues in a shell around a hot core of carbon and oxygen.

A stellarator is a device used to confine a hot plasma with magnetic fields in order to sustain a controlled nuclear fusion reaction.

In order to maintain the fusion process, particles from the hot plasma must be confined in the central region, or the plasma will rapidly cool.

The key problem in achieving thermonuclear fusion is how to confine the hot plasma.

If the fuel is dense enough and hot enough, the fusion reaction rate will be high enough to burn a significant fraction of the fuel before it has dissipated.

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing livermorium isotopes directly.

In very hot and dense plasmas, as found in fusion research, it is often necessary to limit the thermal load to the probe by limiting the exposure time.

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of ununtrium by so-called " hot " fusion reactions.

A wet scrubber is basically a reaction tower equipped with a fan that extracts hot smoke stack gases from a power plant into the tower.

Indium ( III ) oxide is formed at hot temperatures during reaction between indium and oxygen, with blue flame.

Some redox reactions may require heating the sample solution and titrating while the solution is still hot to increase the reaction rate.

A hydrogen explosion may have occurred as a result of reaction between steam and hot zirconium.

Hyperthermia is usually the result of an excessively hot environment ( heat stroke ) or an adverse reaction to drugs.

The " hot " sensation in a " hot flash " is not the initial temperature rise ; instead, it is a reaction to the slowness of the body's return to a more normal temperature range.

Even when the thermite is hot enough to glow bright red, it will not ignite as it must be at or near white-hot to initiate the reaction.

After the reaction, ignited by electron beams in this case, the magnet funnelled the hot gas to the rear for thrust.

This fiery reaction burned off the nuclear fuel rod cladding, the hot plume of reacting steam and zirconium damaged the fuel pellets which released more radioactivity to the reactor coolant and produced hydrogen gas that is believed to have caused a small explosion in the containment building later that afternoon.

The most common use of monopropellants is in low-impulse rocket motors, such as reaction control thrusters, the usual propellant being hydrazine which is generally decomposed by exposure to an iridium catalyst bed ( Hydrazine is pre-heated to keep reactant liquid ) to produce the desired jet of hot gas and thus thrust.

In 1992, a Flameless Ration Heater ( FRH ), a water-activated exothermic reaction product that emits heat, allowed a servicemember in the field to enjoy a hot meal.

If the reaction is performed under warm or hot conditions ( which favor an increase in entropy ), E1 elimination is likely to predominate, leading to formation of an alkene.

An electric spark starts the initial flame, and soon after the coil is hot enough to sustain a catalytic reaction and cause the fuel / air mixture to burn on contact.

Von Braun ’ s engine used direct combustion and created fire, the Walter devices hot vapours from a chemical reaction, but both created thrust and provided high speed.

The reaction is exothermic and grenade casings will often remain scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke.

Their role is to act as an oxygen barrier to protect the hot metal surface against oxidation, to dissolve the reaction products of activators and oxides and carry them away from the metal surface, and to facilitate heat transfer.

The sodium bicarbonate ( NaHCO < sub > 3 </ sub >) that precipitates out in reaction ( I ) is filtered out from the hot ammonium chloride ( NH < sub > 4 </ sub > Cl ) solution, and the solution is then reacted with the quicklime ( calcium oxide ( CaO )) left over from heating the limestone in step ( II ).

Colored smoke devices use a formula that consists of an oxidizer ( typically potassium chlorate, KClO < sub > 3 </ sub >), a fuel ( generally sugar ), a moderant ( such as sodium bicarbonate ) to keep the reaction from getting too hot, and a powdered organic dye.

This hot gas is used exclusively as the reaction mass and is fed directly to one or more jet nozzles.

Electric bains-marie can also be wet, using either hot water or vapor, or steam, in the heating process.

* In the early 1980s, Toyota researched production of an adiabatic engine using ceramic components in the hot gas area.

All materials that come in contact with cholera patients should be sanitized by washing in hot water, using chlorine bleach if possible.

The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug ( compression ignition rather than spark ignition ).

Forged blades are made by heating a single piece of steel, then shaping the metal while hot using a hammer or press.

The prohibition of bathing includes bathing or showering the whole body, or using hot water.

A thermometer ( from the Greek θερμός, thermos, meaning " hot " and μἐτρον, metron, " measure ") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles.

The problem of clearance for hot rotor apexes passing between the axially closer side housings in the cooler intake lobe areas was dealt with by using an axial rotor pilot, radially inboard of the oils seals plus improved inertia oil cooling of the rotor interior ( C-W patents 3, 261, 542, C. Jones, 5 / 8 / 63, 3, 176, 915, M. Bentele, C. Jones.

The shape produces a small, hot area at the bottom which allows some of the food to be seared by intense heat while using relatively little fuel.

In comparison the British airship, R101, introduced diesel engines with the Beardmore Tornado to avoid using highly flammable petrol in hot climates ; although these had a low power to weight ratio, limiting the payload of the weight conscious airships, as well as proving unreliable due to lack of development.

In US English usage, however, grilling refers to a fast process over high heat, while barbecuing refers to a slow process using indirect heat and / or hot smoke ( very similar to some forms of roasting ).

This technique is used to confine very hot plasmas with temperatures of the order of 10 < sup > 6 </ sup > K. In a similar way, the Earth's non-uniform magnetic field traps charged particles coming from the sun in doughnut shaped regions around the earth called the " Van Allen radiation belts ", which were discovered in 1958 using data obtained by instruments aboard the Explorer 1 satellite.

Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added.

The Egyptians perfected a technique using hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into stone in a process known as encaustic painting.

* In terms of managing hot flashes, lifestyle measures, such as drinking cold liquids, staying in cool rooms, using fans, removing excess clothing layers when a hot flash strikes, and avoiding hot flash triggers such as hot drinks, spicy foods, etc., may partially supplement ( or even obviate ) the use of medications for some women.

Baking is a food cooking method using prolonged dry heat acting by convection, and not by thermal radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones.

# Reduce levels of bacteria using interventions such as steam, hot water, and organic acids.

They can also be made into clam chowder or they can be cooked using hot rocks and seaweed in a New England clam bake.