Ball-and-stick model of the hydroxyl ( OH ) functional group in an alcohol molecule.

In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (- OH ) is bound to a carbon atom.

Space filling model of the hydroxyl ( OH ) functional group in an alcohol molecule.

This is seen in, for example, phenol ( C < sub > 6 </ sub > H < sub > 5 </ sub >- OH ), which is acidic at the hydroxyl ( OH ), since a charge on this oxygen ( alkoxide-O < sup >–</ sup >) is partially delocalized into the benzene ring.

The reactive oxygen species produced in cells include hydrogen peroxide ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub >), hypochlorous acid ( HClO ), and free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical (· OH ) and the superoxide anion ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup >).

Two monosaccharides can be joined together using dehydration synthesis, in which a hydrogen atom is removed from the end of one molecule and a hydroxyl group (— OH ) is removed from the other ; the remaining residues are then attached at the sites from which the atoms were removed.

The open-chain form of a monosaccharide often coexists with a closed ring form where the aldehyde / ketone carbonyl group carbon ( C = O ) and hydroxyl group (- OH ) react forming a hemiacetal with a new C-O-C bridge.

Note the position of the hydroxyl group ( red or green ) on the anomeric carbon relative to the CH < sub > 2 </ sub > OH group bound to carbon 5: they are either on the opposite sides ( α ), or the same side ( β ).

Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group (- OH ), with the exception of the first and last carbons, are asymmetric, making them stereo centers with two possible configurations each ( R or S ).

The alternative form, in which the CH < sub > 2 </ sub > OH substituent and the anomeric hydroxyl are on the same side ( cis ) of the plane of the ring, is called the β anomer.

A carboxyl group ( or carboxy ) is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl ( RR ' C = O ) and a hydroxyl ( R-O-H ), which has the formula-C (= O ) OH, usually written as-COOH or-CO < sub > 2 </ sub > H.

In the case of neutral-neutral reactions ( i. e., not involving any charged species, ions ), these type of barrier-free reactions usually involve free radical species such as molecular oxygen ( O2 ), the cyanide radical ( CN ) or the hydroxyl radical ( OH ).

* In chemical nomenclature, the prefix " hydroxy -" shows the presence of a hydroxyl functional group (- OH )

An OH group, known as an hydroxyl group, is present in alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids and related functional groups.

In hydroxides, the dominant anion is the hydroxyl ion, OH < sup >-</ sup >.

In all these cases, a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl (- OH ) group are lost to form H < sub > 2 </ sub > O, and an oxygen atom links each monomer unit.

Simple monosaccharides have a linear and unbranched carbon trolololo with one carbonyl ( C = O ) functional group, and one hydroxyl ( OH ) group on each of the remaining carbon atoms.

* Two hydroxyl functional groups: a A3-phenolic OH ( pKa 9. 9 ) and a C6-allylic OH

Note two hydroxyl (- OH ) groups attached to the D ring ( rightmost ring ).

The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts, including nitric oxide ( NO ), nitrous oxide ( N < sub > 2 </ sub > O ), hydroxyl ( OH ), atomic chlorine ( Cl ), and atomic bromine ( Br ).

In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (— OH ) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.

The hydroxyl ( OH < sup >-</ sup >) ion can penetrate glass during or after product fabrication, resulting in significant attenuation of discrete optical wavelengths, e. g., centred at 1. 383 μm, used for communications via optical fibres.

The suffix-ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority ; in substances where a higher priority group is present the prefix hydroxy-will appear in the IUPAC name.

The suffix-ol in non-systematic names ( such as paracetamol or cholesterol ) also typically indicates that the substance includes a hydroxyl functional group and, so, can be termed an alcohol.

But many substances, particularly sugars ( examples glucose and sucrose ) contain hydroxyl functional groups without using the suffix.

Structurally they can be classified according to the functional groups ' locations as alpha-( α -), beta-( β -), gamma-( γ -) or delta-( δ -) amino acids ; other categories relate to polarity, acid / base / neutral, and side chain group type ( including: aliphatic, acyclic, hydroxyl or sulphur-containing, aromatic ).

A functional group with a hydroxyl and cyanide bonded to the same carbon is called cyanohydrin.

A typical monosaccharide has the structure H -( CHOH )< sub > x </ sub >( C = O )-( CHOH )< sub > y </ sub >- H, that is, an aldehyde or ketone with many hydroxyl groups added, usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde or ketone functional group.

Together the hydroxyl and carbonyl group forms the functional group carboxyl.

Polyester is created through ester linkages between monomers, which involve the functional groups carboxyl and hydroxyl ( an organic acid and an alcohol monomer ).

Representation of an organic compound | organic hydroxyl group, where R represents a hydrocarbon or other organic moiety, the red and grey spheres represent oxygen and hydrogen atoms, respectively, and the rod-like connections between these, covalent chemical bond s. A hydroxyl is a chemical functional group containing an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom, a pairing that can be simply understood as a substructure of the water molecule.

The hydroxyl group is prevalent in organic chemistry, where it is the defining functional group in alcohols ( ethanol, methanol, etc.

* Saturating, opening, or other changes to the bond between positions 7 and 8, as well as adding, removing, or modifying functional groups to these positions ; saturating, reducing, eliminating, or otherwise modifying the 7-8 bond and attaching a functional group at 14 yields hydromorphinol ; the oxidation of the hydroxyl group to a carbonyl and changing the 7-8 bond to single from double changes codeine into oxycodone.

Rather than counteracting the initial effects of the nerve agent on the nervous system like atropine, pralidoxime chloride reactivates the poisoned enzyme ( acetylcholinesterase ) by scavenging the phosphoryl group attached on the functional hydroxyl group of the enzyme.

A typical monosaccharide has the structure H -( CHOH )< sub > x </ sub >( C = O )-( CHOH )< sub > y </ sub >- H, that is, an aldehyde or ketone with many hydroxyl groups added, usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde or ketone functional group.

When the functional group attacking the peptide bond is a thiol, hydroxyl or amine, the resulting molecule may be called a cyclol or, more specifically, a thiacyclol, an oxacyclol or an azacyclol, respectively.

Examples of benzene compounds with just one substituent are phenol, which carries a hydroxyl group, and toluene with a methyl group.

For example, three isomers exist for cresol because the methyl group and the hydroxyl group can be placed next to each other ( ortho ), one position removed from each other ( meta ), or two positions removed from each other ( para ).

Xylenol has two methyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group, and, for this structure, 6 isomers exist.

Amide are usually regarded as derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an amine or ammonia.

When two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis, water is produced, as two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are lost from the two monosaccharides ' hydroxyl group.

These are generated by bond formation between one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar chain with the carbon of the aldehyde or keto group to form a hemiacetal bond.

In the case of cholesterol, the polar group is a mere-OH ( hydroxyl or alcohol ).