There are four main media influence theories: hypodermic needle model ( 1930s behaviorism ), two-step flow model ( Katz and Lazarsfeld, 1955 ), limited effects ( Klapper, 1960 ), and the spiral of silence ( Noelle-Neumann, 1984 ).

A good example of this is a hypodermic needle.

It was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic needle in 1857.

Another tactic is attaching a hypodermic needle on the opening of glue.

Trumping this method was the discovery of morphine, a purified alkaloid that could be injected by hypodermic needle for a consistent dosage.

Excessive suction can cause the red blood cells to be literally smashed on their way through the hypodermic needle owing to turbulence and physical forces.

Wertham, author of the influential study Seduction of the Innocent, cited a particular panel of the story's dope-dealing narrator about to be stabbed in the eye with a hypodermic needle as an example of the " injury-to-the-eye " motif.

The open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a nozzle, or tubing to help direct the flow into and out of the barrel.

It can be successfully applied to blood flow in capillaries and veins, to air flow in lung alveoli, for the flow through a drinking straw or through a hypodermic needle.

Then he courts a suitable imprint female bird ( including offering food, if it is part of that species's normal courtship ); at " copulation " he puts the flat of one hand on her back, and with the other hand uses a pipette, or a hypodermic syringe without a needle, to squirt the semen into her cloaca.

This led to bumper stickers showing a pair of scissors cutting a hypodermic needle in half accompanied by the slogan " Cut The Red China Connection.

The equipment consists of a plastic hub, a hypodermic needle and a vacuum tube.

Serial murderess Bev " The Beast " Baker ( Maggie Dence ) terrorised both staff and inmates with her thrill-seeking antics, which included almost throttling Marlene Warren, cutting open Bobbie Mitchell's hands with a razor blade, stabbing a visiting social worker in the heart with a knitting needle and finally committing suicide by injecting herself with an empty hypodermic syringe to induce a coronary.

The vein is first punctured with the hypodermic needle which is carried in a translucent plastic holder.

This first happened with hypodermic needles, but today many surgical instruments ( such as forceps, needle holders, and scalpel handles ) are commonly single-use rather than reusable items ( see waste autoclave ).

** Stubs Iron Wire Gauge, which corresponds to the diameter of a hypodermic needle

It is also widely used for cleansing surgeons ' hands and instruments and for the disinfection of skin prior to penetration by a hypodermic needle.

The fang, the organic functional equivalent to a hypodermic needle is what penetrates the skin, fur, or exoskeleton of the spider's target — spider mouthparts are primarily intended for envenoming a spider's prey in most species, typically insects and other small arthropods.

The phrasing " hypodermic needle " is meant to give a mental image of the direct, strategic, and planned infusion of a message into an individual.

The most famous incident often cited as an example for the hypodermic needle model was the 1938 broadcast of The War of the Worlds and the subsequent reaction of widespread panic among its American mass audience.

However, this incident actually sparked the research movement, led by Paul Lazarsfeld and Herta Herzog, that would disprove the magic bullet or hypodermic needle theory, as Hadley Cantril managed to show that reactions to the broadcast were, in fact, diverse, and were largely determined by situational and attitudinal attributes of the listeners.

Lowery and DeFleur argue the book was much more than a simple research report: it was an effort to interpret the authors ' research within a framework of conceptual schemes, theoretical issues, and research findings drawn broadly from the scientific study of small groups Unlike the hypodermic needle model, which considers mass media effects to be direct, the two-step flow model stresses human agency.

* The metal sleeve that connects a hypodermic needle to a plastic luer taper ( which then connects to a syringe or intravenous therapy tubing.

A needle & syringe programme ( NSP ) or syringe-exchange programme ( SEP ) is a social policy based on the philosophy of harm reduction where injecting drug users ( IDUs ) can obtain hypodermic needles and associated injection equipment at little or no cost.

; The hypodermic needle model

This is a modern version of the hypodermic needle model.

This is called the hypodermic model theory: people are injected with appropriate messages and ideas constructed by the mass media.

The hypodermic needle also serves an important role in research environments where sterile conditions are required.

Male-to-female transsexuals may also use hypodermic needles for self-injection of estrogen.

* A small red spot at the crease of Walton's right elbow that was consistent with a hypodermic injection, but the doctors also noted that the spot was not near a vein.

It was also a pioneer in the production of hypodermic needles.

It is also used in surgical components and hypodermic syringes, but is not suitable for scalpel blades because the lack of carbon prevents it from holding a good cutting edge.

This artificial colouring, also known as juicing, is achieved by a number of methods, such as injecting the fish with a hypodermic syringe containing bright fluorescent colour dye, dipping the fish into a dye solution, or feeding the fish dyed food.

Brown also noted that, ' At first this new hypodermic method was employed exclusively for the administration of morphia and preparations of opium, but it is important to note that, from the outset, Dr Wood pointed to a far wider application.

It is also described as being less painful and less damaging to tissue than using a hypodermic needle of the same gauge.

Fear of needles, also known as needle phobia, is the extreme fear of medical procedures involving injections or hypodermic needles.

It is used in the labeling of biological materials that carry a significant health risk, including viral samples and used hypodermic needles.

Native medicinal plants include dragon's tongue, which produces a gel similar to aloe ; the Needlethorn, whose hollow thorns can be used as hypodermic needles ; Numbweed, a strong analgesic plant that is made into a cream after boiling it in large pots for 3 days that numbs small wounds completely, and dulls larger wounds ; and Fellis, which produces a juice used as a soporific drug.

Injecting of air into a blood vessel is hazardous, as it may cause an air embolism ; preventing embolisms by removing air from the syringe is one of the reasons for the familiar image of holding a hypodermic syringe upside down, tapping it, and expelling a small amount of liquid before an injection into the bloodstream.

" In Unnatural Death, she had invented a murder method that is appropriately dramatic and cunningly ingenious, the injection of an air-bubble with a hypodermic, but not only, in fact, would it require the use of an instrument so large as to be farcical, but Miss Sayers has her bubble put into an artery not a vein.

A hypodermic needle ( from Greek ὑπο-( under -), and δέρμα ( skin )) is a hollow needle commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body or extract fluids from it.

Large bore hypodermic intervention is especially useful in catastrophic blood loss or shock.

A hypodermic needle is used for rapid delivery of liquids, or when the injected substance cannot be ingested, either because it would not be absorbed ( as with insulin ), or because it would harm the liver.

The hypodermic needle reduces contamination for two reasons: First, its surface is extremely smooth, which prevents airborne pathogens from becoming trapped between irregularities on the needle's surface, which would subsequently be transferred into our media ( i. e. agar ) as contaminants ; second, the needle's surface is extremely sharp, which significantly reduces the diameter of the hole remaining after puncturing the membrane, which consequently prevents microbes larger than this hole from contaminating the substrate.

In some countries, erectile dysfunction patients may be prescribed Alprostadil in injectable form, which is self-injected directly into the base or side of the penis with a very fine hypodermic needle.

Play piercing should always be carried out using new sterile hypodermic needles or acupuncture needles, and preferably on skin which has been cleaned with an antiseptic such as alcohol or povidone iodine ( which is a potential allergen ), by people who have been properly trained.

This is done through hypodermic transfers onto the dorsal surfaces of each other.

The points of these hairs are brittle and break off easily, leaving a sharp point like a hypodermic needle, through which the fluid is injected.