The ice reaches its maximum extent in February or March ; typical ice thickness in the northernmost areas in the Bothnian Bay, the northern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia, is about for landfast sea ice.

Since absorption is cumulative, the color effect intensifies with increasing thickness or if internal reflections cause the light to take a longer path through the ice.

On the surface of any body of ice at a temperature above about − 20 ° C (− 4 ° F ), there is always a thin film of liquid water, ranging in thickness from only a few molecules to thousands of molecules.

The thickness of this liquid layer depends almost entirely on the temperature of the surface of the ice, with higher temperatures giving a thicker layer.

General ice thickness guidelines for new clear ice only:

The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around thick, although ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate.

Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years.

Photosynthesis can occur under ice up to 100 m thick, and at the temperatures predicted by models equatorial sublimation would prevent equatorial ice thickness from exceeding 10 m.

The extent and thickness of the pack ice has reached unusually low levels in several recent years.

As of 2006, the ice had an average thickness of and a maximum of, nearly as deep as the much older and larger Carbon Glacier of Mount Rainier.

Cloud albedo varies from less than 10 % to more than 90 % and depends on drop sizes, liquid water or ice content, thickness of the cloud, and the sun's zenith angle.

The distribution and thickness of ice flows depends on many factors: the location, the time of year, water currents, and the sea temperatures.

The ice thickness reaches 30 – 40 cm in most parts of the sea and 60 – 80 cm in the Taganrog Bay.

The existence of a subglacial lake in the Vostok region was first suggested by Russian geographer Andrey Kapitsa based on seismic soundings made during the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet.

Russian geographer Andrey Kapitsa used seismic soundings in the region of Vostok Station made during the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet.

Because the marathon depends on the thickness of the ice, it is not held on a regular schedule and can be somewhat rare.

Ice fishing is permitted, but the thickness of the ice is not monitored by the Fish Commission.

The average thickness of the ice is, with a maximum thickness of.

`` The argument that is cutting most ice is that Hearst is the only candidate who is fighting the trusts fearlessly and who would use all the powers of government to disrupt them if he were elected.

Currently, marina is used to indicate a municipal or commercially operated facility where a pleasure boat may dock and find some or all of the following available: gasoline, fresh water, electricity, telephone service, ice, repair facilities, restaurants, sleeping accommodations, a general store, and a grocery store.

A white wine, already at cool cellar temperature, may be adequately chilled in a bucket of ice and water or the freezing compartment of a refrigerator ( the former is far preferable ) in about fifteen minutes ; ;

You will come to Alemagna, a delightful, though moderately expensive restaurant, which is particularly noted for its exceptional selection of ice creams and patisseries.

With meat, milk, butter and ice cream, the calorie-heavy U.S. diet is 40% fat, and most of that is saturated fat -- the insidious kind, says Dr. Keys, that increases blood cholesterol, damages arteries, and leads to coronary disease.

Spoken language can contain many more types of ambiguities, where there is more than one way to compose a set of sounds into words, for example " ice cream " and " I scream ".

The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and, thus, by ice.

Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the world's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water.

Averaging at least 1. 6 km thick, the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2. 5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e. g., Lake Vostok ).

Only about 2 % of the continent is not covered by ice.

There has been some concern about this ice sheet, because there is a small chance that it will collapse.

Offshore anchorage is sparse and intermittent, but poses no problem to sailboats designed for the ice, typically with lifting keels and long shorelines.

For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60 ° S latitude.

Every year, on the last Sunday in April, there is an ice fishing competition in the frozen estuarine waters of the Anadyr River's mouth.

The current is circumpolar due to the lack of any landmass connecting with Antarctica and this keeps warm ocean waters away from Antarctica, enabling that continent to maintain its huge ice sheet.

Antarctic sea ice cycles seasonally, in February – March the amount of sea ice is lowest, and in August – September the sea ice is at its greatest extent.

The density of ice is 0. 9167 g / cm³ at 0 ° C, whereas water has a density of 0. 9998 g / cm³ at the same temperature.

Density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature and has a value of 0. 9340 g / cm³ at − 180 ° C ( 93 K ).

Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury, which crystallizes at-39 ° C, and water ice, which is solid only below 0 ° C ; as these two minerals were described prior to 1959, they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association ( IMA ).

The single combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid water, solid ice, and water vapour can coexist in a stable equilibrium occurs at exactly 273. 16 K ( 0. 01 ° C ) and a partial vapour pressure of 611. 73 pascals ( ca.

At temperatures above 273 K ( 0 ° C ), increasing the pressure on water vapor results first in liquid water and then a high-pressure form of ice.

* for Orcus ( BB, grey / blue ): 85 % amorphous carbon, + 4 % titan tholin, and 11 % H < sub > 2 </ sub > 0 ice

# Immerse the sensing portion in a stirred mixture of pure ice and water at 1 Standard atmosphere ( 101. 325 kPa ; 760. 0 mmHg ) and mark the point indicated when it had come to thermal equilibrium.

Water is a liquid at temperatures above 0 ° C ( 273. 15 K, 32 ° F ) at sea level, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state ( water vapor or steam ).

On Earth, 96. 5 % of the planet's water is found in oceans, 1. 7 % in groundwater, 1. 7 % in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0. 001 % in the air as vapor, clouds ( formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air ), and precipitation.

Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that, taken globally, the Earth may have been slightly cooler ( by 0. 03 degrees Celsius ) during the ' Medieval Warm Period ' than in the early and mid-20th century.

For example, an ice cube, with a relative density of about 0. 91, will float.

The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close The melting point of purified water has been measured as 0. 002519 ± 0. 000002 ° C, see

to 0 ° C ( 32 ° F, 273. 15 K ); this is also known as the ice point.

The density of butter is 0. 911 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup > ( 0. 527 oz / in < sup > 3 </ sup >), about the same as ice.

Using six different climate model simulations, a large multi-university study of ocean ecosystems predicts, by 2050 A. D., " a global increase in primary production of 0. 7 % at the low end to 8. 1 % at the high end ," although with " very large regional differences " including " a contraction of the highly productive marginal sea ice biome by 42 % in the Northern Hemisphere and 17 % in the Southern Hemisphere.

The length of each of these ice crystals is usually 0. 25 millimeters long, but they range from as short as 0. 01 millimeters or as long as several millimeters.