Galvani's scientific colleagues generally accepted his views, but Alessandro Volta rejected the idea of an " animal electric fluid ," replying that the frog's legs responded to differences in metal temper, composition, and bulk.

The observed charge quantization, namely the fact that all known elementary particles carry electric charges which appear to be exact multiples of of the " elementary " charge, has led to the idea that hypercharge interactions and possibly the strong and weak interactions might be embedded in one Grand Unified interaction described by a single, larger simple symmetry group containing the Standard Model.

He got the idea for the tonewheel or " phonic wheel " by listening to the moving gears of his electric clocks and the tones produced by them.

Even the idea and concept behind the Ampera was rooted in Opel with Frank Weber, the former " Global Vehicle Line Executive and Global Chief Engineer electric vehicle development ," being originally an Opel employee who was moved to the USA in order to advance the development of this concept in GM's home country instead of the German outpost that is Opel.

Building on the contributions of other developers over the previous three quarters of a century, Edison made improvements to the idea of incandescent light, and entered the public consciousness as " the inventor " of the lightbulb, and a prime mover in developing the necessary infrastructure for electric power.

Having unearthed Lilienfeld ’ s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal since the idea of a field-effect transistor which used an electric field as a “ grid ” was not new.

The official father of the concept of electric propulsion is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, as he is the first to publish mention of the idea in 1911.

The idea appeared again in Hermann Oberth's " Wege zur Raumschiffahrt ” ( Ways to Spaceflight ), published in 1923, where he explained his thoughts on the mass savings of electric propulsion, predicted its use in spacecraft propulsion and attitude control, and advocated electrostatic acceleration of charged gases.

The idea of using antimatter to power an electric space drive has also been proposed.

Italian Professor of neuropsychiatry Ugo Cerletti, who had been using electric shocks to produce seizures in animal experiments, and his colleague Lucio Bini developed the idea of using electricity as a substitute for metrazol in convulsive therapy and, in 1937, experimented for the first time on a person.

On September 13 2001, the idea was presented to executives of Consolidated Edison, the electric utility company serving New York City, by John Englehart, then president of the brand innovation firm Arnell Group Architects John Bennett and Gustavo Bonevardi of PROUN Space Studio distributed their " Project for the Immediate Reconstruction of Manhattan's Skyline ".

Sir Clive Sinclair started to think about electric vehicles as a teenager, and it was an idea he toyed with for decades.

Although Paul approached the Gibson Guitar Corporation with his idea of a solid body electric guitar, they showed no interest until Fender began marketing its Esquire which later had a second pick-up added and became known as the Telecaster.

In 1974, Divine returned to Baltimore to film Waters's next motion picture, Female Trouble, in which he played the lead role, a teenage delinquent, Dawn Davenport, who comes to embrace the idea that " crime is art " – and who is eventually executed in the electric chair for her violent behavior.

During World War II the idea was revived by Joachim Hänsler of Germany's Ordnance Office, and an electric anti-aircraft gun was proposed.

In this framework, because one of the observed properties of the electric field was that it was irrotational, and one of the observed properties of the magnetic field was that it was divergenceless, it was possible to express an electrostatic field as the gradient of a scalar potential ( Coulomb's electrostatic potential, entirely analogous, mathematically, to the classical gravitational potential ) and a stationary magnetic field as the curl of a vector potential ( then a new concept-the idea of a scalar potential was already well accepted by analogy with gravitational potential ).

As stated above, the idea behind the continuity equation is the flow of some property, such as mass, energy, electric charge, momentum, and even probability, through surfaces from one region of space to another.

It was in Paris that he developed his arc light idea into a complete system of electric lighting powered by Zénobe Gramme direct current dynamos fitted with an inverter to supply single-phase alternating current.

In physics, the electromagnetic dual concept is based on the idea that, in the static case, electromagnetism has two separate facets: electric fields and magnetic fields.

The idea was conceived by James Clerk Maxwell in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force in connection with the displacement of electric particles in a dielectric medium.

A lightweight version of the Glanza V was also available without air conditioner and electric windows to keep the car as light as possible, the idea being that it would make an ideal track day car.

A feature of engines designed by Brush ( who also designed the first Oakland Motor Car, ancestor of Pontiac and who helped design the original one-cylinder Cadillac engine ) was that they ran counter-clockwise instead of the usual clockwise, which, in those days before the invention of the electric starter, was Brush's idea intended to make them safer for a right-handed person to crank-start by hand.

When in 1894 it was decided to construct the Congress building in its present location, the subway idea was revived, as it might shorten the travel time between the Casa Rosada and the Congress ( with the same purpose there were also plans to build an electric aerial tramway to go down the Avenida de Mayo ).

In 1914, engineer Nathaniel B. Wales of Detroit, Michigan, introduced an idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit, which later became the basis for the Kelvinator.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains.

Because most of the engineering skill of British Rail had been sold off into the maintenance and renewal companies, Railtrack had no idea how many Hatfields were waiting to happen, nor did they have any way of assessing the consequence of the speed restrictions they were ordering-restrictions that brought the railway network to all but a standstill.

In 2000, the Russian government revived the idea, adding a suggestion that a 40-km-long bridge could be constructed between Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaidō, providing Japan with a direct connection to the Euro-Asian railway network.

Every railway seemed to have its own idea of car design, and ready-made cars would necessarily be of Ohio Falls ’ design.

Marsh was issued a U. S. patent for the general idea of a rack railway in September 1861, and in January 1867 for a practical rack where the gear teeth take the form of rollers arranged like the rungs of a ladder between two L-shaped wrought-iron rails.

Arnold must also be credited with the first idea of a great trunk line traversing the entire African continent, for in 1874 he first employed the phrase " Cape to Cairo railway " subsequently popularized by Cecil Rhodes.

It was the idea of John Peak Knight, a railway engineer, who thought that it would provide a means to safely allow pedestrians to cross this busy thoroughfare.

In early 2008, Jungfraubahn Holding AG announced it is exploring the futuristic idea of an efficient fast form of access to the Jungfraujoch as an addition to the rack railway.

The idea of connecting Hong Kong and China with a railway was first proposed to prominent Hong Kong businessmen in March 1864 by a British railway engineer, Sir Rowland MacDonald Stephenson, who had considerable experience of developing railways in India.

It took a further 30 years before the idea of building a railway from Hong Kong to China was again given serious consideration.

In 1893 Adolf Guyer-Zeller conceived of the idea for a railway tunnel to the Jungfraujoch to make the glaciated areas on the south more accessible.

At a 1866 meeting at the sheriff's office in, Forest Manager Andreas Tanberg Gløersen launched the first idea of building a railway to connect Stavanger and Egersund.

Charles Pearson ( 1793 – 1862 ) had proposed the idea of an underground railway connecting the City of London with the relatively distant London main line rail termini in around 1840.

The idea of a railway through the Province of Canada had been on the minds of Canadians for some time.

The initial motion for building a metropolitan railway system in Helsinki was made in September 1955, though during the past five decades the idea of a tunneled urban railway for Helsinki had surfaced several times.

The scheme was abandoned in the face of vigorous opposition, especially from the government who objected to the idea of a railway passing through Regent's Park.

The idea of a railway connecting Britain's North American colonies arose as soon as the railway age began in the 1830s.

This gave Austrians the idea to dig a canal to connect the Danube with the Black Sea at the shortest point before the Delta, between Rasova or Cernavodă ( Bogaz Köi ) and Constanţa ( Küstendjie ), and a parallel railway.

In 1983, Paul Wild conceived the idea of high-speed railway system to link Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne.

The idea to build the Forum in 1923 is credited to Sir Edward Beattie, president of the Canadian Pacific railway.

A few years later Emile Bachelet proposed the idea of a metal carriage levitated in air above the rails in a modern railway, which he showcased in the early 1890s.