Sakharov also proposed the idea of induced gravity as an alternative theory of quantum gravity.

Bruce Sterling in his universe of Shaper / Mechanist suggested an idea of alternative cyborg called Lobster, which is made not by using internal implants, but by using an external shell ( e. g. a Powered Exoskeleton ).

The idea of lipid flow through a continuous system of membranes and vesicles was an alternative to the various membranes being independent entities that are formed from transport of free lipid components, such as fatty acids and sterols, through the cytosol.

ICQ Lite was originally an idea to offer the lighter users of instant messaging an alternative client which was a smaller download and less resource-hungry for relatively slow computers.

In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign, which ran counter to the original idea that scutage was an alternative to actual military service.

This idea proved influential, serving as an alternative to a full Dyson Sphere that required fewer assumptions ( such as artificial gravity ) and allowed a day / night cycle to be introduced ( through the use of a smaller ring of " shadow squares ", rotating between the ring and its sun ).

It is one approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources, and to the idea of ecological health.

The idea of using free banking to produce an alternative, community-level currency dates back at least as far as the German Credit Unions in the 1800s.

The idea of a uniquely Canadian monarch has been proffered as an alternative, either one descended from the present queen or coming from a First Nations royal house ; however, there has been no popular or official support for such a change.

The movie title is reported to have been the influence for the name of the popular annual live music festival South By Southwest in Austin, Texas, started in 1987, with the name idea coming from Louis Black, editor and co-founder of the local alternative weekly The Austin Chronicle as a play on the Hitchcock movie title.

* Or presents an alternative item or idea (" Every day they gamble, or they smoke.

This was a recapitulation of the idea of external association which de Valera had unsuccessfully proposed as an alternative to the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty.

DC in particular periodically revisits the idea in major crossover storylines, such as Crisis on Infinite Earths and Infinite Crisis, where Marvel has a series called What If ... that's devoted to exploring alternative realities, which sometimes impact the " main " universe's continuity.

Ishida Hitoshi makes the case that the image of the bishōnen is more about a grounding in sexuality than a transcendence of it, drawing on the idea of the image as being a refuge for alternative methods of looking at sexual natures, and sexual realities, at least since the 60's, rather than the elegiac aesthetics of usages in an earlier era.

An initial idea for a comedy set in the world of football was rejected by the BBC, as was his alternative idea, a sit-com centring around a cockney market trader in working class, modern-day London.

This idea is mostly remembered as a falsified alternative explanation for Hubble's law in most astronomy or cosmology discussions.

This is where the second idea of Land Sparing can be looked on as another alternative.

Studies by Kelly M. Richards have shown that the general public would be open to the idea of alternative forms of justice only after the idea has been explicitly explained to them.

In a further development, he gave an alternative formulation of this idea that did not use the imaginary time coordinate, but represented the four variables ( x, y, z, t ) of space and time in coordinate form in a four dimensional affine space.

The idea behind the Trimline telephone was to create an alternative telephone set design that was stylish and easier to use than a traditional telephone.

NASA considered Rogallo's flexible wing as an alternative recovery system for the Gemini space capsule and for possible use in other spacecraft landings, but the idea was dropped in 1964 in favor of parachutes.

More recently another possible idea has been put forward called the theory of alternative stable states which suggests that there is not one end point but many which transition between each other over ecological time.

In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger used this idea to develop a mathematical model of the atom that described the electrons as three-dimensional waveforms rather than point particles.

The argument hinges on the idea that a satisfactory naturalistic account of thought processes in terms of brain processes can be given for mathematical reasoning along with everything else.

Here, the idea was to map mathematical notation to a natural number ( using a Gödel numbering ).

The idea of the Erdős number was created by friends as a humorous tribute to the enormous output of Erdős, one of the most prolific modern writers of mathematical papers, and has become well known in scientific circles as a tongue-in-cheek measurement of mathematical prominence.

Ken Thompson's versions of qed were the first to implement regular expressions, an idea that had previously been formalized in a mathematical paper, which Ken Thompson had read.

The mathematical roots of the idea of fractals have been traced through a formal path of published works, starting in the 17th century with notions of recursion, then moving through increasingly rigorous mathematical treatment of the concept to the study of continuous but not differentiable functions in the 19th century, and on to the coining of the word fractal in the 20th century with a subsequent burgeoning of interest in fractals and computer-based modelling in the 21st century.

This idea of being detailed relates to another feature that can be understood without mathematical background: Having a fractional or fractal dimension greater than its topological dimension, for instance, refers to how a fractal scales compared to how geometric shapes are usually perceived.

With respect to the beginnings of projective geometry, Kepler introduced the idea of continuous change of a mathematical entity in this work.

Logical positivism ( also known as logical empiricism, scientific philosophy, and neo-positivism ) is a philosophy that combines empiricism — the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge — with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology.

This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.

Actual infinity is the idea that numbers, or some other type of mathematical object, can form an actual, completed totality ; namely, a set.

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ( 1775 – 1854 ), his student Johann Baptist von Spix ( 1781-1826 ) and several others followed the idea that was a hidden and innate mathematical order in the forms of birds.

WMCF advocates ( and includes some examples of ) a cognitive idea analysis of mathematics which analyzes mathematical ideas in terms of the human experiences, metaphors, generalizations, and other cognitive mechanisms giving rise to them.

A standard mathematical education does not develop such idea analysis techniques because it does not pursue considerations of A ) what structures of the mind allow it to do mathematics or B ) the philosophy of mathematics.

Because of their close connection with computer science, this idea is also advocated by mathematical intuitionists and constructivists in the " computability " tradition ( see below ).

Rather than focus on narrow debates about the true nature of mathematical truth, or even on practices unique to mathematicians such as the proof, a growing movement from the 1960s to the 1990s began to question the idea of seeking foundations or finding any one right answer to why mathematics works.

The argument hinges on the idea that a satisfactory naturalistic account of thought processes in terms of brain processes can be given for mathematical reasoning along with everything else.

Eudoxus introduced the idea of non-quantified mathematical magnitude to describe and work with continuous geometrical entities such as lines, angles, areas and volumes, thereby avoiding the use of irrational numbers.

Integration is a mathematical operation that corresponds to the informal idea of finding the area under the graph of a function.

This book is a mathematical novelette, and is notable as one of the rare cases where a new mathematical idea was first presented in a work of fiction.

These are objects defined in mathematical terms that do transform under the given rotation group ( see group theory ) but however their properties cannot be visualized with the idea of rotating a rigid object.