In attempting to improve specificity of staining, the fluorescein-labeled antisera used in both direct and indirect methods were treated in one of several ways: ( 1 ) They were passed through Dowex-2-chloride twice and treated with acetone insoluble powders ( Coons, 1958 ) prepared from mouse liver or from healthy sweet clover stems or crown gall tissue produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens ( E. F. Smith & Townsend ) on sweet clover stems.

Results of specific staining by the direct and the indirect methods were similar and showed the localization of WTV antigen in certain tissues of tumors.

In both the direct and indirect methods of staining, the conjugates had nonspecifically staining fractions.

The specific staining by both direct and indirect methods showed that WTV antigen was concentrated in the pseudophloem tissue and in a few thick-walled cells in the xylem region, but was not detectable in any other tissues of the root and stem tumors.

Thus linguists must resort to indirect methods to determine what those rules might be, if indeed rules as such exist.

However, opponents of " late extinction " theories have interpreted such late dates based on indirect dating methods as artifacts resulting from redeposition of skeletal material into more recent strata, and recent direct dating results obtained with new technologies have tended to confirm this interpretation.

Some exoplanets have been directly imaged by telescopes, but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods such as radial velocity measurements.

Though direct imaging may become more important in the future, the vast majority of known extrasolar planets have only been detected through indirect methods.

The following are the indirect methods that have proven useful:

This represents the limit of direct counting methods ; frequencies above this must be measured by indirect methods.

The most important indirect methods are currently inverse filtering of either microphone or oral airflow recordings and electroglottography ( EGG ).

Since these tests can cross-react with other Flaviviruses, like Dengue virus, these indirect methods can never prove yellow fever infection.

The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve in batch culture was traditionally a part of the training of all microbiologists ; the basic means requires bacterial enumeration ( cell counting ) by direct and individual ( microscopic, flow cytometry ), direct and bulk ( biomass ), indirect and individual ( colony counting ), or indirect and bulk ( most probable number, turbidity, nutrient uptake ) methods.

They measure radiances in various wavelength bands, which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature .< ref name =" Uddstrom1988 "> The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances.

Power was concentrated in the executive branch, and all elections where they occurred were carried out using indirect methods.

There are two types of data collection — direct and indirect — with several different methods of each type.

Other indirect methods include asking people about siblings, parents, and children.

Scholars rely on indirect methods: analysis of typical mistakes in old manuscripts, comparison of linguistic data with historical, anthropological, archaeological ones, etc.

Use and indirect use values can often be inferred from revealed behavior, such as the cost of taking recreational trips or using hedonic methods in which values are estimated based on observed prices.

Although these two methods involve physical violence, both are forms of indirect aggression, since the aggressor herself avoids getting directly involved or putting herself in immediate physical danger.

Other catalytic enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase can be used instead of peroxidases for both direct and indirect staining methods.

Gas content determination techniques generally fall into two categories: ( 1 ) direct methods which actually measure the volume of gas released from a coal sample sealed into a desorption canister and ( 2 ) indirect methods based on empirical correlations, or laboratory derived sorption isotherm gas storage capacity data.

It is a noun that is having something done to it, usually joined ( such as in Latin ) with the nominative case, making it an indirect object.

* as the subject of an indirect statement ( e. g. Dixit me fuisse saevum, " He said that I had been cruel ;" in later Latin works, such as the Vulgate, such a construction is replaced by quod and a regularly structured sentence, having the subject in the nominative: e. g., Dixit quod ego fueram saevus ).

Some mixed economies, such as France under dirigisme, also featured a degree of indirect economic planning over a largely capitalist-based economy.

Most psychologists and neuroscientists have not accepted these arguments — nevertheless it is clear that the relationship between a physical entity such as light and a perceptual quality such as color is extraordinarily complex and indirect, as demonstrated by a variety of optical illusions such as neon color spreading.

These requirements may be direct, such as requiring certain assets to bear certain minimum credit ratings, or indirect, by the central bank lending to counterparties only when security of a certain quality is pledged as collateral.

In addition, if the particles of which it is composed are supersymmetric, they can undergo annihilation interactions with themselves resulting in observable by-products such as photons and neutrinos (" indirect detection ").

* In some regions, such as the Southern United States, " Doctor " is traditionally added to the first name of people holding doctorates, where it is used in either direct or indirect familiar address.

Leftist politicians criticize such a structure since indirect taxes ( like the value added tax ) affect everyone alike, whereas direct taxes can be weighed according to levels of income and are therefore fairer taxes.

In such cases, it is not required ( or even possible ) that the members of the electorate be familiar with all of the eligible persons, though such systems may involve indirect elections at larger geographic levels to ensure that some first-hand familiarity among potential electees can exist at these levels ( i. e., among the elected delegates ).

They argue that the measure " heritability " includes both a direct effect of the genotype on IQ and also indirect effects such that the genotype changes the environment, thereby affecting IQ.

Instead, effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos.

The information available on Greek fire is exclusively indirect, based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers, which are often inaccurate.

* The oblique case ( object pronouns such as me, him, her, us ), used for the direct or indirect object of a verb, for the object of a preposition, for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula.

Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means ( popular direct or indirect election ); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or coup d ' état, as often seen in Latin American, Middle Eastern and other presidential regimes.

HDL transports cholesterol mostly to the liver or steroidogenic organs such as adrenals, ovary, and testes by direct and indirect pathways.

Contemporary hypnotism makes use of a wide variety of different forms of suggestion including: direct verbal suggestions, " indirect " verbal suggestions such as requests or insinuations, metaphors and other rhetorical figures of speech, and non-verbal suggestion in the form of mental imagery, voice tonality, and physical manipulation.

Hypnotists who believed that responses are mediated primarily by an " unconscious mind ", like Milton Erickson, made more use of indirect suggestions, such as metaphors or stories, whose intended meaning may be concealed from the subject's conscious mind.

Ions may count to such second messengers, and then causes direct activation, rather than indirect, as in the case were the electric potential of ions cause activation / inactivation of voltage-gated ion channels.

Many functions once controlled with levers have been replaced with some model of electrical switch with the rise of indirect computer controlling of functions in modern tractors.