In humans, probably the most relevant pathway is the indirect one, which is mediated by cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ).

This pathway uses the neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA and substance P. The indirect pathway consists of three inhibitory pathways that go from the putamen and caudate nucleus to the external region of the globus pallidus.

< font color =" green "> Green arrows </ font > refer to excitatory: en: Glutamic acid | glutamatergic pathways, < font color =" red "> red arrows </ font > refer to inhibitory: en: gamma-Aminobutyric acid | GABAergic pathways and < font color =" turquoise "> turquoise arrows </ font > refer to: en: dopamine | dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway.

< font color =" green "> Green arrows </ font > refer to excitatory: en: Glutamic acid | glutamatergic pathways, < font color =" red "> red arrows </ font > refer to inhibitory: en: gamma-Aminobutyric acid | GABAergic pathways and < font color =" turquoise "> turquoise arrows </ font > refer to: en: dopamine | dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway.

The indirect pathway consists of three links, first a projection from striatal medium spiny cells to the external part of the globus pallidus ( GPe ); second a GABAergic projection from GPe to the subthalamic nucleus ( STN ); third a glutamatergic projection from STN to SNr.

Thus, striatal activity exerts an excitatory ( or rather disinhibitory ) effect on SNr neurons via the direct pathway, but an inhibitory effect via the indirect pathway.

< font color =" green "> Green arrows </ font > refer to excitatory: en: Glutamic acid | glutamatergic pathways, < font color =" red "> red arrows </ font > refer to inhibitory: en: gamma-Aminobutyric acid | GABAergic pathways and < font color =" turquoise "> turquoise arrows </ font > refer to: en: dopamine | dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway.

In addition to these direct pathways, which drive the velocity of eye rotation, there is an indirect pathway that builds up the position signal needed to prevent the eye from rolling back to center when the head stops moving.

It works in conjunction with the indirect pathway of movement.

The indirect pathway passes through the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia.

Simultaneously, in the indirect pathway, the motor cortices send activating signals to the caudate and putamen.

The cells of the indirect pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once activated, they send inhibitory signals to the globus pallidus externus, reducing the activity in that nucleus.

On activation of the indirect pathway, these inhibitory signals are reduced, which allows more activation of the subthalamic nucleus.

Interruption or dysfunction of the indirect pathway of movement results in hyperkinesia, or dyskinesias, which are, in general, diseases which lead to the production of additional involuntary muscle activity.

< font color =" green "> Green arrows </ font > refer to excitatory: en: Glutamic acid | glutamatergic pathways, < font color =" red "> red arrows </ font > refer to inhibitory: en: gamma-Aminobutyric acid | GABAergic pathways and < font color =" turquoise "> turquoise arrows </ font > refer to: en: dopamine | dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway.

Overactivity of a direct pathway combined with decreased activity of an indirect pathway results in activation of thalamic neurons and excitation of cortical neurons, resulting in increased motor output.

These projections are inhibitory and have been found to utilize both GABA and substance P. The indirect pathway, which projects to the globus pallidus external ( GPe ), is also inhibitory and uses GABA and enkephalin.

Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition " to " for both indirect objects ( give to ) and directions of movement ( go to ), the term " dative " has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative.

The basic form of this sign is produced with the initial posture of the index finger on the chin, followed by a movement of the hand and finger tip toward the indirect object ( the recipient of the telling ).

Neither inverse filtering nor EGG are sufficient to completely describe the complex 3-dimensional pattern of vocal fold movement, but can provide useful indirect evidence of that movement.

However, the substantia nigra's role in motor control is indirect ; electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra does not result in movement.

One indirect result of this publicity was the American housing movement: a young Catherine Bauer attended one of May's conferences in 1930, and wrote her seminal " Modern Housing " based on research done in Frankfurt and with Dutch architect JJP Oud.

Cacophony has been described as an indirect culture jamming outgrowth of the Dada movement, and the Situationists.

The spirit of the Council Directive 2008 / 7 / EC of 12 February 2008 concerning indirect taxes on the raising of capital is that capital duty interferes with the free movement of capital.

This movement is known to make forceful use of the theme ( direct and indirect ) throughout.

Outgoing, extroverted, and media savvy with decent command of the English language, he features prominently in various Western television news items and documentaries about the movement such as the BAFTA winning feature documentary How to Start a Revolution and PBS ' Bringing Down A Dictator as well as numerous international print and Internet media pieces about the direct and indirect influence of former Otpor members on various post-2000 revolutions around the globe.

This movement laid more stress on symbolic and other indirect expressions as opposed to direct and clear expressions

However the fairness of a movement depends not only on who one plays against but also to a considerable extent on one's indirect opponents, i. e. those who play the same cards as you do.

* 2nd Generation: tactics of linear fire and movement, with reliance on indirect fire.

In addition to his academic work, Graeber has a history of both direct and indirect involvement in political activism, including membership in the labor union Industrial Workers of the World, a role in protests against the World Economic Forum in New York City in 2002, support for the 2010 UK student protests, and an early role in the Occupy Wall Street movement.

Tax policy in the European Union ( EU ) consists of two components: direct taxation, which remains the sole responsibility of Member States, and indirect taxation, which affects free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services.

Zones of Control also represent the indirect effect a formation has on the movement rate of an enemy unit in its vicinity.

A final protective fire is an immediately available preplanned barrier of direct and indirect fire designed to provide close protection to friendly positions and installations by impeding enemy movement into defensive areas.

Each idealized figure is designed to show movement towards the front ( the unknown sea ), projecting a direct or indirect synthesis of their participation in the events after Henry.

) Functionalism as a sociological credo is, therefore, not a direct consequence of observations, but rather an indirect consequence of philosophical inference and judgment.

Body parts, pointers, adapted mice, joysticks, or eye tracking could be used, whereas switch access scanning is often used for indirect selection.

It is a noun that is having something done to it, usually joined ( such as in Latin ) with the nominative case, making it an indirect object.

* as the subject of an indirect statement ( e. g. Dixit me fuisse saevum, " He said that I had been cruel ;" in later Latin works, such as the Vulgate, such a construction is replaced by quod and a regularly structured sentence, having the subject in the nominative: e. g., Dixit quod ego fueram saevus ).

Firing data has to be calculated and is the key to indirect fire, the arrangements for this have varied widely.

The elegant, harmonically-advanced music in this musical pays indirect homage to the compositions of Maurice Ravel, especially his Valses nobles et sentimentales ( whose opening chord is " borrowed " for the opening chord of the song " Liaisons "); part of this effect stems from the style of orchestration that Jonathan Tunick used.

In other words, if an ' uninhabited ' or ' infidel ' territory is colonized by Britain, then the English law automatically applies in this territory from the moment of colonization ; however if the colonized territory has a pre-existing legal system, the native law would apply ( effectively a form of indirect rule ) until formally superseded by the English law, through Royal Prerogative subjected to the Westminster Parliament.

Most psychologists and neuroscientists have not accepted these arguments — nevertheless it is clear that the relationship between a physical entity such as light and a perceptual quality such as color is extraordinarily complex and indirect, as demonstrated by a variety of optical illusions such as neon color spreading.

These requirements may be direct, such as requiring certain assets to bear certain minimum credit ratings, or indirect, by the central bank lending to counterparties only when security of a certain quality is pledged as collateral.

Radiosity is a method which attempts to simulate the way in which directly illuminated surfaces act as indirect light sources that illuminate other surfaces.

The figure is usually between 14: 1 and 16: 1 for direct injection engines and between 18: 1 and 23: 1 for indirect injection engines.

Direct contempt is distinctly different from indirect contempt, wherein another individual may file papers alleging contempt against a person who has willfully violated a lawful court order.

Where it is not necessary to be so urgent, or where indirect contempt has taken place the Attorney General can intervene and the Crown Prosecution Service will institute criminal proceedings on his behalf before a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales.

A person cited for indirect contempt is entitled to notice of the charge and an opportunity for hearing of the evidence of contempt and, since there is no written procedure, may or may not be allowed to present evidence in rebuttal.

Similarly science fiction is another key influence, not only in the spaceship and the futuristic setting but also in several direct and indirect ways.

Economic planning is a mechanism for resource allocation of inputs and decision-making based on direct allocation, in contrast with the market mechanism, which is based on indirect allocation.

In general, the dative marks the indirect object of a verb, although in some instances the dative is used for the direct object of a verb pertaining directly to an act of giving something.

The OED defines all classical uses of the word " whom " in situations where the indirect object is not known – in effect, indicating the anonymity of the indirect object.

In Modern English, an indirect object is often expressed with a prepositional phrase of " to " or " for ".

If there is a direct object, the indirect object can be expressed by an object pronoun placed between the verb and the direct object.