* 1943 – U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in an attempt to check inflation, freezes wages and prices, prohibits workers from changing jobs unless the war effort would be aided thereby, and bars rate increases by common carriers and public utilities.

One simple version of adaptive expectations is stated in the following equation, where is the next year's rate of inflation that is currently expected ; is this year's rate of inflation that was expected last year ; and is this year's actual rate of inflation:

During 1996, however, the economy collapsed due to an unstable and decentralised banking system, a wave of hyperinflation throughout several countries of Eastern Europe, and slow reforms, which led to an inflation rate of 311 % and the collapse of the lev.

During 1996, however, the economy collapsed due to the Bulgarian Socialist Party's slow and mismanaged economic reforms and an unstable and decentralised banking system, which led to an inflation rate of 311 % and the collapse of the lev.

It tried to keep a fixed exchange rate, and attempted to deal with inflation and sterling weakness by credit and exchange controls.

Most of these institutes focus on a form of economics called macroeconomics which keeps its eyes on things such as inflation: the rate at which money loses its value over time ; growth: how much money a government has and how quickly it accrues money ; unemployment, and rates of trade between other countries.

However in 2009 GFC, Cambodia's inflation rate had a weak deflation of-0. 7 %.

Under these new policies, the rate of inflation dropped from about 1, 000 % per year to about 10 % per year.

While this was still a high rate of inflation, it allowed the economy to start recovering.

Chile registered an inflation rate of 3. 2 % in 2006.

* setting the official interest rate – used to manage both inflation and the country's exchange rate – and ensuring that this rate takes effect via a variety of policy mechanisms

However, " unanticipated " inflation leads to lender losses as the real interest rate will be lower than expected.

Thus, Keynesian monetary policy aims for a steady rate of inflation.

; Goal independence: The central bank has the right to set its own policy goals, whether inflation targeting, control of the money supply, or maintaining a fixed exchange rate.

The inflation rate was also kept low during his term.

It was originally $ 25, but was increased for inflation after a few years.

His administration substantially increased Central Bank net international reserves, reduced inflation to 12. 8 % a year, restored a better pace of economic growth ( about 5 % in 1997 ), and held down spending to achieve a 1. 1 % non-financial public sector deficit in 1997.

This plan led to an increasing GDP growth, lower inflation, and increased industrial / agricultural / commercial produce, exports and output, yet made the unemployment rate rise.

Due to rising prices for energy, fuel, and food on international markets, inflation increased in the first half of 2011, but later decreased to an annualized rate of 3. 4 % at the end of September.

In spite of its unprecedented macroeconomic stability, which has reduced inflation and interest rates to record lows and has increased per capita income, enormous gaps remain between the urban and the rural population, the northern and southern states, and the rich and the poor.

In spite of the steady inflation during the 2nd century, there was no further rise until the time of Septimius Severus, who increased it to 500 denarii a year.

Wholesale price inflation averaged 2. 1 percent per year from 1980 through 1988 ; consumer prices increased by an average of 4. 7 percent annually.

By 1984, a combination of factors, including drought, inflation, and confused application of Islamic law, reduced donor disbursements and capital flight led to a serious foreign-exchange crisis and increased shortages of imported inputs and commodities.

One of the principles of the government's prices and incomes policy was that low-paid workers would be given special consideration, and between 1965 and 1969 the earnings of the lowest paid workers increased slightly faster than the average ( the increase in inflation in 1969 – 70 caused by devaluation, however, led to a deterioration in the position of low-paid workers ).

The lack of aggregate demand caused by low wages and low unionization, as well as the higher wages that create inflation – as capitalists pass increased labor costs onto consumers – are important factors in the creation of the business cycle.

The government's budget deficit increased tenfold, inflation approached 10 percent, the unemployment rate doubled, and the current account went from positive to negative – the latter a critical problem in a country that rises or falls on foreign trade.

Since the lender is deferring consumption, they will wish, as a bare minimum, to recover enough to pay the increased cost of goods due to inflation.

The principal amount or the interest payments are continually increased by the rate of inflation.

Work by George Akerlof, William Dickens, and George Perry implies that if inflation is reduced from two to zero percent, unemployment will be permanently increased by 1. 5 percent.

" Like the expectations-augmented Phillips curve, the New Keynesian Phillips curve implies that increased inflation can lower unemployment temporarily, but cannot lower it permanently.

What is not seen is the increased risk of no cushion of savings, the stimulation of large amounts of consumer debt, and the loss of purchasing power due to salaries lagging inflation.

Furthermore, in response to inflation, supply-siders called for indexed marginal income tax rates, as monetary inflation had pushed wage earners into higher marginal income tax brackets that remained static ; that is, as wages increased to maintain purchasing power with prices, income tax brackets were not adjusted accordingly and thus wage earners were pushed into higher income tax brackets than tax policy had intended.

By 2004, the winner's cheque had increased one hundred and twenty thousandfold to £ 720, 000, or perhaps two thousandfold after allowing for inflation.

*" Speedy González ", an extremely fast gibberish-talking handyman, who would always charge US $ 10. 00 for his services ( later increased to US $ 20. 00 because of inflation ).

This scenario would likely lead to increased inflation, as it would inflate the money supply without directly increasing the amount of goods and services produced by the economy as a whole.

During the 1870s and 1880s, the Greenback Party existed for the primary purpose of advocating an increased circulation of United States Notes as a way of creating inflation according to the quantity theory of money.

Since Chilean peso inflation continued to outpace U. S. dollar inflation, every year Chilean buying power of foreign goods increased,.

Wages have risen faster than inflation as a result of higher productivity, boosting national living standards.

However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.

Bank lending, a factor contributing to account deposits, usually declines when inflation increases faster than the money supply, which can make economic expansion more difficult.

" He leaves behind an economy with a faster growth rate than that of any other of the main G7 countries and an underlying rate of inflation lower than in most.

Railway traffic, by contrast, remained steady during the 1950s but the economics steadily deteriorated, with labour costs rising faster than income and fares and freight charges repeatedly frozen by the government to try to control inflation.

Another common theory states that the crash was a result of a dispute in monetary policy between the G7 industrialized nations, in which the United States, wanting to prop up the dollar and restrict inflation, tightened policy faster than the Europeans.

The AARP has published a series of studies suggesting that prescription drug prices are rising significantly faster than general inflation.

Health care costs in both countries are rising faster than inflation.

Under TABOR, state and local governments cannot raise tax rates without voter approval and cannot spend revenues collected under existing tax rates if revenues grow faster than the rate of inflation and population growth, without voter approval.

The Committee for Green Foothills disputes this analysis, arguing that because household income has only increased 1 % above inflation annually in San Jose, it is impossible for the cost of housing to continuously increase faster than the means to pay for housing costs.

If the operator ’ s input prices increase faster than ( conversely, slower than ) the rate of inflation, then the operator ’ s retail prices ( revenue ) will need to increase faster than ( conversely, slower than ) the rate of inflation for the operator to be able to have earnings that are at least as great as the operator ’ s cost of capital.

If the operator increases its productivity faster than ( conversely, slower than ) the average firm, then the operator ’ s retail prices ( revenue ) will need to decrease ( conversely, increase ) relative to the rate of inflation.

One consequence of the breakup is that local residential service rates, which were formerly subsidized by long distance revenues, have been forced to rise faster than the rate of inflation.

( 5 ) Once set, costs would not rise faster than the normal annual inflation rate of the early 1960s.