* 1943 – U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in an attempt to check inflation, freezes wages and prices, prohibits workers from changing jobs unless the war effort would be aided thereby, and bars rate increases by common carriers and public utilities.

One simple version of adaptive expectations is stated in the following equation, where is the next year's rate of inflation that is currently expected ; is this year's rate of inflation that was expected last year ; and is this year's actual rate of inflation:

During 1996, however, the economy collapsed due to an unstable and decentralised banking system, a wave of hyperinflation throughout several countries of Eastern Europe, and slow reforms, which led to an inflation rate of 311 % and the collapse of the lev.

During 1996, however, the economy collapsed due to the Bulgarian Socialist Party's slow and mismanaged economic reforms and an unstable and decentralised banking system, which led to an inflation rate of 311 % and the collapse of the lev.

It tried to keep a fixed exchange rate, and attempted to deal with inflation and sterling weakness by credit and exchange controls.

Most of these institutes focus on a form of economics called macroeconomics which keeps its eyes on things such as inflation: the rate at which money loses its value over time ; growth: how much money a government has and how quickly it accrues money ; unemployment, and rates of trade between other countries.

However in 2009 GFC, Cambodia's inflation rate had a weak deflation of-0. 7 %.

Under these new policies, the rate of inflation dropped from about 1, 000 % per year to about 10 % per year.

While this was still a high rate of inflation, it allowed the economy to start recovering.

Chile registered an inflation rate of 3. 2 % in 2006.

* setting the official interest rate – used to manage both inflation and the country's exchange rate – and ensuring that this rate takes effect via a variety of policy mechanisms

However, " unanticipated " inflation leads to lender losses as the real interest rate will be lower than expected.

Thus, Keynesian monetary policy aims for a steady rate of inflation.

; Goal independence: The central bank has the right to set its own policy goals, whether inflation targeting, control of the money supply, or maintaining a fixed exchange rate.

Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $ 7. 2 million ($ adjusted for inflation ) at approximately two cents per acre ($ 4. 74 / km² ).

GDP growth for 2010 was at 2. 9 percent, and inflation was at 8 percent.

Low inflation was maintained around 2. 6 % annually.

Instead, the value of the AMD was kept high, out of a fear of inflation and concern about alienating the powerful government-connected importers of oil, sugar, flour, cigarettes and beverages.

At the same time annual inflation in the economy was variable and during the last five years ( 2003 – 2007 ) has seen a low of 2. 3 % and high of 7. 3 %.

The project was scheduled to be completed in 1998 at an estimated cost of $ 2. 8 billion ( in 1982 dollars, US $ 6. 0 billion adjusted for inflation ).

The real increase in rail fares, after accounting for inflation over the 1995 – 2004 period, was 4. 7 %.

Under the terms of the Bank of England Act 1998 ( which came into force on 1 June 1998 ), the bank's Monetary Policy Committee was given sole responsibility for setting interest rates to meet the Government's stated Retail Prices Index ( RPI ) inflation target of 2. 5 %.

The inflationary hypothesis was originally proposed in 1980 by American physicist Alan Guth, who named it " inflation ".

Penrose ’ s shocking conclusion, though, was that obtaining a flat universe without inflation is much more likely than with inflation – by a factor of 10 to the googol ( 10 to the 100 ) power !”

His reform legislation was finally rammed through Congress under pressure from younger military officers, who were sick of the neglect of the armed forces, political infighting, social unrest, and galloping inflation.

In 1973, Chile was in shambles – inflation was hundreds of percents, the country had no foreign reserves, and GDP was falling.

As the early 20th century gold standard was undermined by inflation and the late 20th century fiat dollar hegemony evolved, and as banks proliferated and engaged in more complex transactions and were able to profit from dealings globally on a moment's notice, these practices became mandatory, if only to ensure that there was some limit on the ballooning of money supply.

The granting of independence to the Bank of England in 1997 was, in fact, the granting of operational independence ; the inflation target continued to be announced in the Chancellor's annual budget speech to Parliament.

Economic growth reached 3. 1 % during 2000 and inflation was 9. 0 % although unemployment has yet to significantly improve.

The entry-limiting price will also be raised for potential domestic competition, but unless general inflation permits profit margins to increase proportionately throughout the economy, we might expect the public-limit price to approach the entry-limit price.

Armenia also has managed to slash inflation, stabilize its currency, and privatize most small-and medium-sized enterprises.

Armenia also managed to slash inflation and to privatize most small-and medium-sized enterprises.

This debases the local currency but also reduces the debt owed to foreign creditors-effectively " exporting inflation ".

The term " inflation " is also used to refer to the hypothesis that inflation occurred, to the theory of inflation, or to the inflationary epoch.

The ekpyrotic and cyclic models are also considered adjuncts to inflation.

They also note that though there was no deflation in the 1980s, there was a definite fall in the inflation rate during this period.

The study also suggests that per year increases in the portion of father / son family household income generated by fathers / sons have slowed ( from an average of 0. 9 % to 0. 3 %), barely keeping pace with inflation, though increases in overall father / son family household income are progressively higher each year because more women are entering the workplace, contributing to family household income if they're married or cohabitating.

While this does not lessen the actual value of a currency, it is called redenomination or revaluation and also happens over time in countries with standard inflation levels.

Kemp notes that Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker's success at stemming inflation and the favorable regulatory environment were also major factors.

The dual exchange rate system allows for the government and state-owned enterprises to divert funds and revenues, but also gives the government more control over the local economy and temporarily subdue inflation.

Consumer Price inflation have also curtailed since 2008, when Nicaragua's inflation rate hovered at 19. 82 %.

OBE's objective standards also put a brake on grade inflation, to the distress of students who prefer high, but meaningless, grades.

In addition, Stroessner's economic policies had boosted exports and investment and reduced inflation, and the military coups in Brazil in 1964 and Argentina in 1966 also improved the international climate for nondemocratic rule in Paraguay.

However, Krugman argued that monetary policy could also affect savings behavior, as inflation or credible promises of future inflation ( generating negative real interest rates ) would encourage less savings.

Reed also claims to have experienced very little grade inflation over the years, noting, for example, that only seven students graduated with a perfect 4. 0 GPA in the period from 1983 to 2007 ".

Silver coins and bullion are also used as an investment to guard against inflation and dollar devaluation.

Among these, according to the Financial Times, was Spain's rapidly growing trade deficit, which had reached a staggering 10 % of the country's GDP by the summer of 2008, the " loss of competitiveness against its main trading partners " and, also, as a part of the latter, an inflation rate which had been traditionally higher than the one of its European partners, back then especially affected by house price increases of 150 % from 1998 and a growing family indebtedness ( 115 %) chiefly related to the Spanish Real Estate boom and rocketing oil prices.

In the U. S, the development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also led to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses, thus pushing residents outside the city center.

During the past decade since 2001, the Turkish lira has also gained a considerable amount of value and maintained its stability, becoming an internationally exchangeable currency once again ( in line with the inflation that dropped to single-digit figures since 2003.