The study of altruism was the initial impetus behind George R. Price's development of the Price equation, which is a mathematical equation used to study genetic evolution.

In simpler term, Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory that involves bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added products could be planned ( reproduced by Biosynthesis, for example ), fore-casted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations ( for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D ) and gaining durable patents rights ( for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the pharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects on safety concerns by using the products ), for more about the biotechnology industry, see.

* Michael R. Harrison – developed the initial techniques for fetal surgery and performed the first fetal surgery in 1981, and then went on to establish the UCSF Fetal Treatment Center, which was the first of its kind in the United States.

The initial letters of these words ( P, R, D, S ) form together the word PaRDeS (" paradise / orchard "), which became the designation for the Zohar's view of a fourfold meaning of the text, of which the mystical sense is considered the highest part.

After the initial successes of the Ecumenical Movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910 ( chaired by future WCC Honorary President John R. Mott ), church leaders agreed in 1937 to establish a World Council of Churches, based on a merger of the Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement organisations.

Therefore, the assertion that an object R → R * is initial in E, that is, that there is a morphism from it to any other element of E, means that the ring R * is a most efficient solution to our problem.

The family has a dog named Astro, who talks with an initial consonant mutation in which every word begins with an " R ", as if speaking with a growl.

While Jeffrey Wilkins, the son-in-law of Golden United founder Harry Gard, Sr., is widely credited as the first president of CompuServe, the initial president was actually Dr. John R. Goltz.

The album received a lot of criticism from fans for containing too many emotional ballads, distancing themselves from their initial R & B sound.

where t ∈ R, V ∈ TM and denotes the geodesic with initial data.

The book chronicles the investigative reporting of Woodward and Bernstein from Woodward's initial report on the Watergate break-in through the resignations of H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, and the revelation of the Nixon tapes by Alexander Butterfield in 1973.

The initial plat for Nashville was on land originally purchased by John R. Pettibone on February 15, 1836.

Gernreich, declaring the document " the most dangerous thing had ever read ", became an enthusiastic financial supporter of the venture, although he did not lend his name to it ( going instead by the initial " R ").

Norwood ’ s initial sound was contemporary R & B, heavily rooted in gospel and soul music.

For SBS ( R ) selection, candidates are required to complete the following tests over the four-day initial selection course:

In 1989, Townshend gave the initial funding to allow the formation of the non-profit hearing advocacy group H. E. A. R.

where R is the Rydberg constant and n < sub > i </ sub > and n < sub > f </ sub > are the principal quantum numbers of the initial and final levels, respectively ( n < sub > i </ sub > is greater than n < sub > f </ sub > for emission ).

Though Big Star's initial early 1970s career met with no commercial success, they developed an avid cult following and members of later bands like R. E. M.

* Robert Livingston the Elder ( 1654 – 1728 ) ( middle initial, " R "), New York colonial official, and first lord of Livingston Manor

* Robert Livingston ( 1718 – 1775 ) ( middle initial, " R ")

* Robert Livingston ( 1746 – 1813 ) ( middle initial, " R "), of the Louisiana Purchase, " The Chancellor ", drafter of the Declaration of Independence, partner in creating the Clermont

In a cluster, stars all formed at approximately the same time, and thus in an H – R diagram for a cluster, all stars should lie along a clearly defined curve set by the age of the cluster, with the positions of individual stars on that curve determined solely by their initial mass.

Since its initial mainstream popularity and impact on the sound of contemporary R & B, it has been expanded and diversified musically through the works of both African-American and international artists.

The child with high anxiety may first direct his anxiety-released energy toward achievement, but because his distress severely reduces the abilities of discrimination and memorization of complex symbols, the child may fail in his initial attempts to master the problem.

The initial setting of this table may be altered, however, as described in the 7070/7074 Data Processing System Bulletin `` IBM 7070/7074 Compiler System: Operating Procedure '', form Aj.

Most orthodontists require an initial payment to cover the cost of diagnostic materials and construction of the appliances, but usually the remainder of the cost may be spread over a period of months or years.

Remarkably, the growth of polycrystalline films is often used and preceded by an initial amorphous layer, the thickness of which may amount to only a few nm.

Private markets to public markets differences may also help explain the overnight windfall gains enjoyed by principals of companies that just did an initial public offering ( IPO ).

Although initial studies suggested that antioxidant supplements might promote health, later large clinical trials with a limited number of antioxidants detected no benefit and even suggested that excess supplementation with certain putative antioxidants may be harmful.

At the initial phase of the inflammation ( which is referred to as cerebritis ), the immature lesion does not have a capsule and it may be difficult to distinguish it from other space-occupying lesions or infarcts of the brain.

Players may also use double motion, where they make an initial racquet movement in one direction before withdrawing the racquet to hit in another direction.

The players ' initial cards may be dealt face-up, or face-down ( more common in single-deck games ).

Although the butterfly effect may appear to be an esoteric and unlikely behavior, it is exhibited by very simple systems: for example, a ball placed at the crest of a hill may roll into any of several valleys depending on, among other things, slight differences in initial position.

A bootstrapping node, also known as a rendezvous host, is a node in an overlay network that provides initial configuration information to newly joining nodes so that they may successfully join the overlay network.

An initial assessment may include a physical exam by a physician.

For example, if the black pawn has just advanced two squares from g7 ( initial starting position ) to g5, then the white pawn on f5 may take it via en passant on g6 ( but only on white's next move ).

There is much debate over whether or not the social and economic consequences of casino gambling outweigh the initial revenue that may be generated.

Due to the large number of calculations, a work in progress is usually only rendered in detail appropriate to the portion of the work being developed at a given time, so in the initial stages of modeling, wireframe and ray casting may be used, even where the target output is ray tracing with radiosity.

Other introductions include the release on Antigua — possibly before 1916, although there are suggestions that this initial population may have died out by 1934 and been reintroduced at a later date — and Montserrat, which saw an introduction before 1879 that led to the establishment of a solid population, which was apparently sufficient to survive the Soufrière Hills volcano eruption in 1995.

The characteristics ( such as morphology and colour ) of the colonies may allow initial diagnosis of the organism causing disease symptoms.

Copper smelting may have been invented in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time or spread from an initial source by long-distance trade.

These summaries may either form the basis of the initial description of the data as part of a more extensive statistical analysis, or they may be sufficient in and of themselves for a particular investigation.

In some cases, blues or rockabilly bassists may have obtained some initial training through the classical or jazz pedagogy systems ( e. g., youth orchestra or high school big band ).

However, a particularly powerful piece of equipment — for example, a cloak that renders its wearer invisible for a brief period — may be treated as a Power that the hero must spend their initial element points on.

Eusebius ' description of his own method —" I shall collect the entries from the whole of the divinely inspired Scriptures, and I shall set them out grouped by their initial letters so that one may easily perceive what lies scattered throughout the text "— implies that he had no similar type of book to work from ; his work was entirely original, based only on the text of the Bible.