Over time and as the instrument spread around Europe, it took on many names and various structural characteristics.

The creation of national systems of compulsory primary education and a relatively uniform curriculum in secondary schools, was the most effective instrument in the spread of the national languages.

An investor would be advised to buy the spread in these circumstances: this is a calendar spread trade where the trader buys the near-dated instrument and simultaneously sells the far-dated instrument ( i. e. the future ).

If, on the other hand, the spread between a future traded on an underlying asset and the spot price of the underlying asset was set to widen, possibly due to a rise in short-term interest rates, then an investor would be advised to sell the spread ( i. e. a calendar spread where the trader sells the near-dated instrument and simultaneously buys the future on the underlying ).

This instrument was rebuilt on a new gallery in the North Transept by William Hill & Son of London in 1868, to a specification of forty stops spread over four manuals and pedals, although the Solo department, which would have brought the total to well over forty, was not completed.

The usual method is to assume that the optical path through the instrument is optically perfect, convolved with a point spread function ( PSF ), that is, a mathematical function that describes the distortion in terms of the pathway a theoretical point source of light ( or other waves ) takes through the instrument.

Medieval paintings in churches suggest that the instrument was spread all over Sweden.

The instrument was spread in southern and western regions of Kievan Rus '.

This instrument is considered to be a national instrument of Svaneti and is thought to have spread in the other regions of Georgia from there.

Use of the instrument spread by the end of the 19th century and took the place of the cobza in Romanian and Moldovan folk ensembles.

A market maker is a company, or an individual, that quotes both a buy and a sell price in a financial instrument or commodity held in inventory, hoping to make a profit on the bid-offer spread, or turn.

Cristofori's instrument spread at first quite slowly, probably because, being more elaborate and harder to build than a harpsichord, it was very expensive.

After his death, the instrument was passed down to Ok Bogo, Son Myeong-deuk, Gwi Geum, An Jang, Cheong Jang, and Geuk Jong, while being widely spread over the kingdom.

An important instrument used by the Bolshevik Party to strengthen its organizations and to spread its influence among the masses was the Bolshevik daily newspaper Pravda ( Truth ), published in St. Petersburg.

It is said it was probably brought by the Turks to Bosnia, from where the instrument spread further with migrations of Šokci and Bunjevci above the Sava River to all parts of Croatia, Serbia and further.

It is common practice in the financial industry to use basis points to denote a rate change in a financial instrument, or the difference ( spread ) between two interest rates, including the yields of fixed-income securities.

During the Qing Dynasty, the instrument spread to Beijing and Tianjin, and is still known there

The double bass as a solo instrument enjoyed a period of popularity during the 18th century and many of the most popular composers from that era wrote pieces for the double bass.

The popularity of the instrument is documented in Leopold Mozart's second edition of his Violinschule, where he writes " One can bring forth difficult passages easier with the five-string violone, and I heard unusually beautiful performances of concertos, trios, solos, etc.

The vihuela enjoyed only a short period of popularity in Spain and Italy during an era dominated elsewhere in Europe by the lute ; the last surviving published music for the instrument appeared in 1576.

The Hammond organ was widely used in United States military chapels and post theaters during the Second World War, and returning soldiers ' familiarity with the instrument may have helped contribute to its popularity in the post-war period.

In the second half of the 17th century lutes, vihuelas and similar instruments started losing popularity, and almost no music had been written for the instrument after 1750.

Gaining popularity as a folk instrument in the early 19th century in the Celtic music revivals, penny whistles now play an integral part of several folk traditions.

It fell out of fashion for a while in the middle 1980s, principally due to the emergence of polyphonic and later digital synthesizers, but has enjoyed a huge resurgence of popularity since the 1990s — with contemporary artists highlighting the instrument, including Radiohead, Portishead, The Album Leaf, D ' Angelo, Erykah Badu, Chick Corea, Jamiroquai, Herbie Hancock, Steely Dan, The Doors and Stevie Wonder.

This popularity led J. C. Deagan, Inc. in 1927 to ask its Chief Tuner, Henry Schluter, to develop a similar instrument.

As its popularity grew, other manufacturers began producing instruments based on Schluter's design, marketed under a variety of names, including Leedy, who marketed their new instrument as the vibraphone and abandoned their old design.

However, the popularity of the vibraphone as a jazz instrument can primarily be credited to one man, Lionel Hampton.

Both systems continued to evolve into the current forms as the popularity of the instrument increased.

The original Gibson Les Paul-guitar design regained popularity when Eric Clapton began playing the instrument a few years later, although he also played an SG and an ES-335.

Yet Maffei himself was an enthusiast for the piano, and the instrument did gradually catch on and increase in popularity, in part due to Maffei's efforts.

The situation changed in the early 19th century because of the growing popularity of the piano as a domestic instrument.

The common instrument ( comparable in popularity to the piano or violin in the west ) is the oud.

The pipa reached a height of popularity during the Tang Dynasty, and was a principal musical instrument in the imperial court.

Continued refinement of the instrument also contributed to the increase in popularity, with instrument builders like Jean-Claude Condi and Annette Osann bringing innovation to the bow and body.

After this he made frequent visits to England, and his extraordinary command of his unwieldy instrument gained him great popularity in London and the provinces.

Records show that the gaita was already common in the 13th century but suffered a decline in popularity in the 17th and 18th centuries until the 19th century renaissance of the instrument.

The invention of the electronic organ in the mid-1930s spelled the end of the harmonium's success in the West ( although its popularity as a household instrument declined in the 1920s as musical tastes changed ).

However, many blues-influenced artists of the late 1960s soon adopted the Stratocaster as their main instrument, reviving the guitar's popularity.

Its popularity waning in the late 18th century, the oboe d ' amore fell into disuse for about 100 years until composers such as Richard Strauss ( Symphonia Domestica, where the instrument represents the child ), Claude Debussy (" Gigues ", where the oboe d ' amore has a long solo passage ), Maurice Ravel, Frederick Delius, and others began using it once again in the early years of the twentieth century.

During the 19th century, the hummel was considered to be a primitive peasant instrument and its popularity dwindled, but some enthusiasts have taken up playing it again since the folk revival of the 1970s.

In the late 1890s, Arnold Dolmetsch revived clavichord construction and Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, among others, helped to popularize the instrument.

The terms for the instrument among classical performers are contrabass ( which comes from the instrument's Italian name, contrabbasso ), string bass ( to distinguish it from a brass bass instrument in a concert band ), or simply bass.

Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total funds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership.

The See of Rome, as the sole unbroken line of apostolic authority, descending from St. Peter ( the " prince and head of the apostles "), is a visible sign and instrument of communion among the college of bishops and therefore also of the local churches around the world.

The acceptance of artificial methods of birth control is then claimed to result in several negative consequences, among them a " general lowering of moral standards " resulting from sex without consequences, and the danger that men may reduce women " to being a mere instrument for the satisfaction of own desires "; finally, abuse of power by public authorities, and a false sense of autonomy.

It was a popular instrument among the wealthy ; the instrument koto was considered a romantic one.

The ang-bindi made by the Baka people of the Congo is but one example of this instrument found among tribal societies in Africa and Southeast Asia, and it lends its name to the generic term inbindi for all related instruments.

The ang-bindi made by the Baka people of the Congo is but one example of a traditional version of the instrument found among tribal societies in Africa and Southeast Asia, and it lends its name to the generic term inbindi for all related instruments.

Although the tone of fiberglass models tends to be thinner and less " warm " ( earning them the nicknames " Plastic Bugle ", " White Trash ", " Toilet Bowels ", and " Tupperware " among players in some ensembles ), it is considered acceptable by the high schools in which the instrument is most common due to the tradeoff in durability, cost, and weight.

The instrument was developed in the 18th century by several researchers, among them Abraham Bennet and Alessandro Volta.

Antonín Dvořák ’ s cello concerto ranks among the supreme examples from the Romantic era while those of Robert Schumann, Carl Reinecke, David Popper, and Julius Klengel focus on the lyrical qualities of the instrument.

Walter Gieseking found some of Ravel ’ s piano works to be among the most difficult pieces for the instrument but always based on “ musically perfectly logical concepts ”; not just technically demanding but also requiring the right expression.

Yet the various forms of concertina survived in some areas: Anglo concertinas in Irish traditional music, the English and the Anglo in English Morris dancing, the Anglo in Africa, among Afrikaners ( see Boer music ) and Zulus ( who call it a " squashbox "), the Chemnitzer in the United States as a polka instrument, and the " bandoneón " in Argentina as a prominent part of the Tango tradition.

This instrument is however not among the " big five ", but must still be considered as a flight instrument.

It is believed to have originated among the Hela civilisation of Sri Lanka in the time of King Ravana. This string instrument has been recognised as one of the oldest string instrument in the world history.

Though primarily featured in classical music, the cor anglais has also been used by a few musicians as a jazz instrument ; most prominent among these are Paul McCandless, Jean-Luc Fillon, Sonny Simmons, and Vinny Golia ( see also Oboists performing primarily outside classical genres ).

A well-known example among radio engineers was the Boonton Radio Co., located in nearby Rockaway, which manufactured a high-quality test instrument known as a Q meter, still used by hobbyists today.

The choice of " flautist " ( from the Italian flautista, from flauto, and adopted due to eighteenth century Italian influence ) versus " flutist " is a source of dispute among players of the instrument.

After studying at Leeds Grammar School he joined his father's law firm, but left to become a mathematical instrument maker ( working with Henry Hindley ), developing, among other instruments, a pyrometer to study material expansion and a whirling speculum or horizontal top ( a maritime navigation aid ).

The legal instrument regulated on the attribution of licenses to the companies which promoted shows at the most diversified venues, authorship rights, mandatory previous viewing of shows and sung repertoires, specific regulation for attributing the professional card, contracts, and tour travelling, among many other subjects.

Simmons, who had belonged to several area groups ( among them " Scratch ", an acoustic trio with future Doobies bassist Tiran Porter ) and also performed as a solo artist, was already an accomplished fingerstyle player whose approach to the instrument complemented Johnston's rhythmic R & B strumming.