Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were also used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters for long distance service.

Before the invention of the integrated circuit in 1959, electronic circuits were constructed from discrete components that could be manipulated by humans.

A significant invention, which later had a profound effect on electronic music, was Lee DeForest's triode audition.

The invention of electronic amplifiers made calculating machines much faster than their mechanical or electromechanical predecessors.

In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as “ a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated .” The first customer for the new invention was the US Air Force.

He is most famous for his invention of the theremin, one of the first electronic musical instruments, and the first to be mass produced.

Key invention in the development of electronic spreadsheets was made by Rene K. Pardo and Remy Landau, who filed in 1971 on spreadsheet automatic natural order recalculation algorithm in 1970.

The teleostereograph machine, a forerunner to the modern electronic fax, was developed by AT & T's Bell Labs in the 1920s ; however, the first commercial use of image facsimile telegraph devices dates back to the time of Samuel F. B. Morse's invention in the 1800s.

Although some applications had counterparts using earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter or mechanical computers, it was the invention of the vacuum tube with three electrodes triode and its capability of electronic amplification that made these technologies widespread and practical.

Although Baird's electromechanical system was eventually displaced by purely electronic systems ( such as those of Vladimir Zworykin, Marconi-EMI and Philo Farnsworth ), Baird's early successes demonstrating working television broadcasts and his colour and cinema television work earn him a prominent place in television's invention.

Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters.

For a variety of reasons ( including Mauchly's June 1941 examination of the Atanasoff – Berry Computer, prototyped in 1939 by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry ), US patent 3, 120, 606 for ENIAC, granted in 1964, was voided by the 1973 decision of the landmark federal court case Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, putting the invention of the electronic digital computer in the public domain and providing legal recognition to Atanasoff as the inventor of the first electronic digital computer.

With John Mauchly he invented the first general-purpose electronic digital computer ( ENIAC ), presented the first course in computing topics ( the Moore School Lectures ), founded the first commercial computer company ( the Eckert – Mauchly Computer Corporation ), and designed the first commercial computer in the U. S., the UNIVAC, which incorporated Eckert's invention of the mercury delay line memory.

Three other professors received the Nobel Prize for their research performed at Universiteit Leiden: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman received the Nobel Prize for their pioneering work in the field of optical and electronic phenomena, and the physiologist Willem Einthoven for his invention of the string galvanometer, which among other things, enabled the development of electrocardiography.

The invention of musical amplification and electronic instruments, especially the synthesizer, in the mid-20th century revolutionized popular music and accelerated the development of new forms of music.

Since 2000, Gunderson has performed his works on stage through an electronic instrument of his own invention: " The Thimbletron.

The invention of the transistor made possible cheaper electronic remotes that contained a piezoelectric crystal that was fed by an oscillating electric current at a frequency near or above the upper threshold of human hearing, though still audible to dogs.

Some progress was made in the field of photographic emulsions and in the techniques of forming gas hypersensitization, cryogenic cooling, and light amplification, but starting in the 1970s after the invention of the CCD, photographic plates have given way to electronic imaging in professional observatories.

With the invention of the microcontroller, the cost of electronic control fell rapidly.

Following the invention and commercial introduction of the microphone, the electronic amplifier, the mixing desk and the loudspeaker, the recording industry gradually converted to electric recording, and by 1925 this technology had replaced mechanical acoustic recording methods for such major labels as RCA Victor and Columbia, and by 1933 acoustic recording was completely disused.

Tables of common logarithms were used until the invention of computers and electronic calculators to do rapid multiplications, divisions, and exponentiations, including the extraction of nth roots.

Experimental mathematics as a separate area of study re-emerged in the twentieth century, when the invention of the electronic computer vastly increased the range of feasible calculations, with a speed and precision far greater than anything available to previous generations of mathematicians.

Another invention is Simon, an electronic pattern-matching game that was immensely popular in the late 1970s and 1980s.

Until the invention of the transistor in 1947, most practical high-frequency electronic amplifiers were made using thermionic valves.

Eventually they built the first perfusion pump, an invention instrumental to the development of organ transplantation and open heart surgery.

* The invention and development of immunosuppressive drugs and tissue typing made organ and tissue transplantation a clinical reality.

During the baroque period, before the invention of the piano, keyboard concertos were comparatively rare, with the exception of the organ and some harpsichord concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach.

From its invention until the 14th century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument.

Scheidemann's lasting contribution to the organ literature, and to Baroque music in general, was in his Lutheran chorale settings, which were of three general types: cantus firmus chorale arrangements, which were an early type of chorale prelude ; " monodic " chorale arrangements, which imitated the current style of monody — a vocal solo over basso continuo — but for solo organ ; and elaborate chorale fantasias, which were a new invention, founded on the keyboard style of Sweelinck but using the full resources of the developing German Baroque organ.

He was awarded the Franklin Institute's John Price Wetherill Medal in 1940 for the invention of the Hammond electric organ.

Her color organ, which she named " Sarabet " after her mother, required her invention of a number of new technologies.

Before the invention of electric action, the organ was a touch-sensitive instrument.

His first invention was called the ' Spit Machine ' a hand organ which used saliva as a tuning conductor.

Open circuit demand scuba is a 1943 invention by the Frenchmen Émile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau, but in the English language Lambertsen's acronym has become common usage and the name Aqua-Lung, ( often spelled " aqualung "), coined by Cousteau for use in English-speaking countries, has fallen into secondary use.

Many sources erroneously credit the invention of the mainspring to the Nürnberg clockmaker Peter Henlein ( also spelled Henle, or Hele ) around 1511.

A neume (; spelled neum in, for instance, the Solesmes publications in English ) is the basic element of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation.

Berthold Schwarz ( sometimes spelled Schwartz ), also known as Berthold the Black and der Schwartzer, was a legendary German ( or in some accounts Danish or Greek ) alchemist of the late 14th century, credited with the invention of gunpowder by 15th through 19th century European literature.

Finally, in 1740 the French astronomer Jacques Cassini, who is traditionally credited with the invention of year zero, completed the transition in his Tables astronomiques, simply labeling this year 0, which he placed at the end of Julian years labeled avant Jesus-Christ ( before Jesus Christ or BC ), and immediately before Julian years labeled après Jesus-Christ ( after Jesus Christ or AD ).

The Middle High German is conventionally taken to end in 1350, while the Early New High German is taken to begin with the German Renaissance, after the invention of movable type in the mid-15th century.

Wells's novel revolves around an ( unspecified ) invention that accelerates the process of radioactive decay, producing bombs that explode with no more than the force of ordinary high explosive — but which " continue to explode " for days on end.

Approximately 200 years after the end of Elizabeth's reign, however, a patent represents a legal obtained by an inventor providing for exclusive control over the production and sale of his mechanical or scientific invention ... the evolution of patents from royal prerogative to common-law doctrine.

Another important invention, one which Watt was most proud of, was the Parallel motion which was essential in double-acting engines as it produced the straight line motion required for the cylinder rod and pump, from the connected rocking beam, whose end moves in a circular arc.

Kenneth Waltz has argued that nuclear weapons have helped keep an uneasy peace, and further nuclear weapon proliferation might even help avoid the large scale conventional wars that were so common prior to their invention at the end of World War II.

Achieving highly precise longitude remained a problem in geography until the invention of the marine chronometer at the end of the 18th century.

Fearing that there was a risk that the battle would end with the invention being declared unpatentable due to Heaviside's prior publication, they decided to desist from the challenge and buy an option on Pupin's patent for a yearly fee so that AT & T would control both patents.

For this reason, some historians have dated the end of the Old West era of American history to the invention and subsequent proliferation of barbed wire.

A number of ghost towns throughout South America were once mining camps or lumber mills, such as the many saltpeter mining camps that prospered in Chile from the end of the Saltpeter War until the invention of synthetic saltpeter during World War I.

It is in this book that Foucault claims that " man is only a recent invention " and that the " end of man " is at hand.

The invention of steam powered vessels eventually put an end to piracy off North America though some isolated incidents continued to occur into the 1920s.

Often Tom must protect his new invention from villains " intent on stealing Tom's thunder or preventing his success ," but Tom is always successful in the end.

The novelty of the invention is the focus ; while the invention may in the end accomplish some good, that social end is usually far from the inventor's mind ... inventions seem to be either for the military, especially during World War I ( giant cannon, aerial warship, war tank, and air scout ) or for the wealthy, who buy the Swift Pigeon Special as a private plane, all contributing to the bottom line for Swift Enterprises ... invention is an avocation, a diversion, made possible by wealth and the already existing advanced technology.

In spite of it, Zaharoff used perverted methods, well-known later on, and was able to made controversy between the inventor and his own government and obtained, in the end, the Spanish government's disapproval of the invention of the submarine, which would have been a formidable weapon in the conflict with the United States, several years after.

His next innovation, in 1840, was a measuring technique called " end measurements " that used a precision flat plane and measuring screw, both of his own invention.

The early modern period is often considered to have begun with such events as the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s ; the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 ; the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1485 ; the Voyages of Christopher Columbus and the completion of the Reconquista in 1492 or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517.

On December 3, 1787, James Rumsey conducted a successful trial of his new invention, the steamboat, in the Potomac at the north end of Princess Street.

The proper term of " grand duchy " was a later invention, probably originating in Western Europe, to denote lands of a particularly mighty duke, as the duchy had around the end of Middle Ages inflated to belong to rulers of a middle-sized town, shire, or similar relatively small fiefs, instead of the big provinces it once belonged to.

Cristofori continued to make pianos until near the end of his life, continually making improvements in his invention.