It is not able to infect mammals through inhalation or gastrointestinal exposure although rodents in the laboratory can be infected by intranasal instillation.

Thus, it is obvious that the tonsil have an important role to play in the defense of the host against bacterial and viral infections, and the success of regional mucosal immunity induced by intranasal vaccines most likely depends on these immunocompetent tissues in the oropharynx and nasopharynx.

The mode of transmission of BDV is unclear but probably occurs through intranasal exposure to contaminated saliva or nasal secretions.

It is also called live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ).< ref name =" QandA "> In September 2009 a LAIV intranasal vaccine for the novel H1N1 influenza virus was approved.

Particularly in children, another increasingly popular treatment choice is buccal and intranasal midazolam, which can be given into the side of the mouth or the nose, respectively.

Its route of administration is either intravenous, oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular, depending on use.

Hence, the rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit, of virtually normal appearance, can be done in a few procedural stages, using intranasal tissues to correct defects of the mucosa ; cartilage battens to brace against tissue contraction and depression ( topographic collapse ); axial skin flaps designed from three-dimensional ( 3-D ) templates derived from the topographic subunits of the nose ; and the refinement of the resultant correction with the subcutaneous sculpting of bone, cartilage, and flesh.

One small study from 1997, with six participants, found intranasal delivery of B < sub > 12 </ sub > led to increases in plasma cobalamin as high as eight times a given patient's baseline measurement.

MedImmune received approval from the U. S. FDA for its intranasal novel H1N1 influenza virus in September 2009.

Gemfibrozil was administered intraperitoneally once daily from days 4 to 10 after intranasal exposure to the virus.

TgPVR21 mice have been shown to be susceptible to poliovirus infection through intranasal inoculation, and may be useful as a mucosal infection model.

These " cPVR " mice carry hPVR cDNA, driven by a β-actin promoter, and have proven susceptible to poliovirus through intracerebral, intramuscular, and intranasal routes.

Thus, natural infection or intranasal immunization with live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine has been reported to prime tonsillar lymphocytes much better than subcutaneous vaccination.

Enhancing brain insulin signaling by means of intranasal insulin administration also enhances the acute thermoregulatory and glucoregulatory response to food intake, suggesting that central nervous insulin contributes to the control of whole-body energy homeostasis in humans.

Moderate doses ( 5 – 10 mg intranasal, or 0. 01 – 0. 02 mg / kg intramuscular or intravenous ) will produce analgesia and anesthesia.

A vaccine administration may be oral, by injection ( intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous ), by puncture, transdermal or intranasal.

In reconstructive rhinoplasty, the defects and deformities that the plastic surgeon encounters, and must restore to normal function, form, and appearance include broken and displaced nasal bones ; disrupted and displaced nasal cartilages ; a collapsed bridge of the nose ; congenital defect, trauma ( blunt, penetrating, blast ), autoimmune disorder, cancer, intranasal drug-abuse damages, and failed primary rhinoplasty outcomes.

* Perforated septum — The reconstruction of a saddle nose caused by a ( collapsed ) perforated septum, or by autoimmune problems such as Wegener's granulomatosis, Sarcoidosis, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Relapsing Polychondritis, by intranasal drug use, and by excessive nasal aerosol use.

In addition, these mice are capable of developing the bulbar form of polio after intranasal inoculation.

Ophthalmic antihistamines ( such as ketotifen ) are used for conjunctivitis ; intranasal forms are used for sneezing, rhinorrhea and nasal pruritus.

For nocturnal symptoms, intranasal corticosteroids can be combined with nightly oxymetazoline, an adrenergic alpha-agonist, without risk of rhinitis medicamentosa.

Multiple-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae have been killed in vivo via intraperitoneal, intravenous or intranasal administration of phages in laboratory tests.

In 1904, Jacques Joseph published his first report on the simultaneous, intranasal correction of a hump nose with the correction of the front nasal septum.

Irregular unilateral polyps particularly associated with pain or bleeding will require urgent investigation as they may represent an intranasal tumour.

An intranasal vaccine exists for cats.

In June 2006, the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) began enrolling participants in a Phase 1 H5N1 study of an intranasal influenza vaccine candidate based on MedImmune's live, attenuated vaccine technology.

In September 2009 a LAIV intranasal vaccine for the novel H1N1 influenza virus was approved.

Since the late 1980s, evidence has become available that instillation of BCG into the bladder is an effective form of immunotherapy in this disease.

DMSO, a wood pulp extract, is the only approved bladder instillation for IC / BPS yet it is much less frequently used in urology clinics.

More recently, the use of a " rescue instillation " composed of pentosan polysulfate or heparin, sodium hyaluronate, lidocaine and sodium bicarbonate, has generated considerable excitement in the IC / BPS community because it is the first therapeutic intervention that can be used to reduce a flare of symptoms.

Chemolysis is usually achieved through the use of oral medications, although in some cases, intravenous agents or even instillation of certain irrigating agents directly onto the stone can be performed, using antegrade nephrostomy or retrograde ureteral catheters.

The 90, 000 acre instillation is home to the US Army Field Artillery Training Center and the Air Defense Artillery.

In case of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer the TUR is initself the treatment, but in case of muscle invasive cancer, the procedure is insufficient for final treatment. Immunotherapy in the form of BCG instillation is also used to treat and prevent the recurrence of superficial tumors.

Topical anesthesia is most commonly employed, typically by the instillation of a local anesthetic such as tetracaine or lidocaine.

The recommended dosage of latanoprost is one drop daily in the evening, which permits better diurnal IOP control than does morning instillation.

Some conservation efforts have been untaken, including the instillation on some trees with ibis nests of metal belts that prevent predators from accessing them, but the protection of ideal habitat and the increasing human populations in Cambodia continues to be a vexing challenge.

Partial palliation of these symptoms can sometimes be obtained through the instillation of topical hypertonic saline drops, use of bandage soft contact lenses, and / or application of anterior stromal micropuncture.

Morse strongly believed in education within a Federalist framework, alongside the instillation of Calvinist virtues, morals and prayers for his first son.

The region has three cities and seven towns as well as the Fort Sill military instillation and Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge.

The use of standard techniques along with a vaginogram or radiologically viewing the vaginal vault with instillation of contrast media.

Non-operative treatment of shoulder pain thought to be related to the rotator cuff, or a tear of the rotator cuff, includes oral medications that provide pain relief such as anti-inflammatory medications, topical pain relievers such as cold packs and if warranted a subacromial cortisone / local anesthetic injection to block the pain and start direct instillation of anti-inflammatory treatment.

Many topical agents cause burning upon instillation.

Camp Colbern, which was previously a US Army instillation of 86, 000 pyeong will be renovated for the purpose.