As noted above, some world-systems analysts such as Janet Abu-Lughod thought China invented capitalism during this period with the rise of a monied economy and the invention of paper currency.

( Davy's invention had been preceded by that of William Reid Clanny, an Irish doctor at Bishopwearmouth, who had also read a paper to the Royal Society in May 1813.

Although silk was a somewhat expensive medium to paint upon in the past, the invention of paper during the 1st century AD by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun provided not only a cheap and widespread medium for writing, but also a cheap and widespread medium for painting ( making it more accessible to the public ).

Although the present-day concepts of literacy have much to do with the 15th century invention of the movable type printing press, it was not until the Industrial Revolution of the mid-19th century that paper and books became financially affordable to all classes of industrialized society.

Pfleumer's invention used a ferric oxide ( Fe < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >) powder coating on a long strip of paper.

The Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) scholar Ouyang Xiu ( 1007 – 1072 ) asserted that playing cards and card games existed at least since the mid-Tang Dynasty and associated their invention with the simultaneous development of using sheets or pages instead of paper rolls as a writing medium.

Though availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.

The invention of money ( and later credit, paper money and non-physical money ) greatly simplified and promoted trade.

The invention of the dandy roll revolutionised the watermark process and made it much easier for a company to watermark its paper.

The invention that brought Lawrence to international fame started out as a sketch on a scrap of paper.

The paper noted that the number of components in integrated circuits had doubled every year from the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 until 1965 and predicted that the trend would continue " for at least ten years ".

The idea for an invention may be developed on paper or on a computer, by writing or drawing, by trial and error, by making models, by experimenting, by testing and / or by making the invention in its whole form.

The notes were kept on cards and scraps of paper in shoeboxes, in a cramped shorthand of Fort's own invention, and some of them survive today in the collections of the University of Pennsylvania.

Following the invention of paper in the Han Dynasty, writing materials became more portable and economical than the bones, shells, bamboo slips, metal or stone tablets, silk, etc.

The leading Norwegian encyclopedia mentioned the role of the paper clip as a symbol of resistance in a supplementary volume in 1952, but did not yet proclaim it a Norwegian invention.

In 1989 a giant paper clip, almost 7 meters high, was erected on the campus of a commercial college near Oslo in honour of Vaaler, ninety years after his invention was patented.

In either case, Barbier willingly shared his invention called " night writing " which was a code of dots and dashes impressed into thick paper.

But after the invention of paper in the 1st century, silk was gradually replaced by the new and cheaper material.

In A. D. 105, Cai invented the composition for paper along with the papermaking process — though he may have been credited with an invention of someone from a lower class.

Since the invention of the Fourdrinier machine in the 19th century, most paper has been made from wood pulp because of cost.

His 1914 paper on the Great Crested Grebe, later published as a book, was a landmark in avian ethology ; his invention of vivid labels for the rituals ( such as ' penguin dance ', ' plesiosaurus race ' etc.

By the Han dynasty papercutting became a new art form after the invention of paper.

In 1848 he was elected member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and received the Telford Medal for a paper on his invention.

He has often erroneously been identified with the invention of the common paper clip, known to all office employees for more than a hundred years.

This invention pushed Vacheron & Constantin forward much further than other watchmakers.

... it was applied to distinguish his house ... and others ... adopted it also. Hackwood states that the invention was " a hawthorn bush which was pushed out the top of his chimney.

As long as perception is seen as composed only of isolated sense data, most of the quality and interconnectedness of existence loses its objectivity, becomes an invention of consciousness, and the result is a philosophical scepticism.

During the Civil War period Mr. Brown also invented the Brown & Sharpe formed tooth gear cutter, a basic invention which ultimately revolutionized the world's gear manufacturing industry by changing its basic economics.

Uninhibited lyricism should be distinguished from its exact opposite -- the sterile, extraneous invention of the corn-belt metaphysicals, or present blight of poetic professors.

The United States District Court for the District of Minnesota released its judgement on October 19, 1973, finding in Honeywell v. Sperry Rand that the ENIAC patent was a derivative of John Atanasoff's invention.

His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating in the same principle was described in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Wilcke.

Perhaps Grothendieck's deepest single accomplishment is the invention of the étale and l-adic cohomology theories, which explain an observation of André Weil's that there is a deep connection between the topological characteristics of a variety and its diophantine ( number theoretic ) properties.

Although earlier precursors to this presentation exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements.

Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement of the scroll, the dominant form of book in the ancient world, has been termed the most important advance in the history of the book prior to the invention of printing.

The Chinese invention of the horse collar by the 5th century was also a great improvement from the breast harness, allowing the horse to haul greater weight without heavy burden on its skeletal structure.

The invention was celebrated by anarchists, who recognized its suitability for propaganda by the deed.

Dayton is also known for its many patents, inventions, and inventors that have come from the area, most notable being the Wright Brothers ' invention of powered flight.

Furthermore, RCA also claimed invention of FM radio and won its own patent on the technology.

Western musical notation was originally created to preserve the lines of Gregorian chant, which before its invention was taught as an oral tradition in monastic communities.

In the Middle Ages, Glagolitsa was also known as " St. Jerome's script " due to popular mediaeval legend ( created by Croatian scribes in 13th century ) ascribing its invention to St Jerome ( 342-429 ).

Davidson concludes that, in these examples, " here we have the fierce destructive side of death, with a strong emphasis on its physical horrors, so perhaps we should not assume that the gruesome figure of Hel is wholly Snorri's literary invention.

The importance of the method of setting the strings in vibration by means of hammers, and its bearing on the acoustics of the instrument, were recognized only when the invention of the pianoforte had become a matter of history.

The iklwa-so named because of the sucking sound it made when withdrawn from a human body-with its long ( c. 25 cm in ) and broad blade was an invention of Shaka that superseded the older thrown ipapa ( so named because of the " pa-pa " sound it made as it flew through the air ).

A spurious legend has it that the invention of the game saved an ancient city in time of war, and its widespread popularity helped raise funds to build the Great Wall of China.

Political bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the printing press.

It was also an important invention for the motion picture film and 45mm projector because of its ability to screen moving images.

Earlier, the guilds of writers had denounced the printing press as " the Devil's Invention ", and were responsible for a 53-year lag between its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe in c. 1440 and its introduction to the Ottoman society with the first Gutenberg press in Istanbul that was established by the Sephardic Jews of Spain in 1493 ( who had migrated to the Ottoman Empire a year earlier, escaping from the Spanish Inquisition of 1492.

In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache.

The myth of Prometheus, with its theme of invention and discovery, has been used in science-related names and as a metaphor for scientific progress.

Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.