The invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain opened the door for more compact devices and led to the development of the integrated circuit in 1958 by Jack Kilby and independently in 1959 by Robert Noyce.

Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet, the study of linguistics and of human perception, the understanding of black holes, and numerous other fields.

But the resulting invention turned out to be the cheapest and most compact way to build small nuclear bombs as well as large ones, erasing any meaningful distinction between A-bombs and H-bombs, and between boosters and supers.

With the invention of the metal lipstick container as well as compact mirrors bee stung lips came into vogue.

The invention of the MASER ultimately stimulated the development of modern lasers which are used in applications as diverse as compact disc players, surgery and barcode readers.

" Pushchair " was the popularly used term in the UK between its invention and the early 1980s, when a more compact design known as a " buggy " became the trend, popularised by the conveniently collapsible aluminium framed Maclaren buggy designed and patented by the British aeronautical designer Owen Maclaren in 1965.

He developed a compact symbolic notation to describe the topology of a very wide variety of mechanisms, and showed how it could be used to classify them and even lead to the invention of new useful mechanisms.

In the 1990s, however, the invention of faster, more efficient computers, compact discs and the Internet solved such problems.

Many of the deficiencies of the reel-to-reel systems were overcome with the invention of the Video cassette recorder ( VCR ), where the videotape is enclosed in a user-friendly videocassette shell.

It is a widely accepted fact by now that the invention of the recordable cassette by the Philips Corporation and the commercial cassette distribution network in the Tel Aviv train station had a large impact on the popularity of Mediterranean Israeli music.

The invention of the incandescent gas mantle in the 1890s greatly improved light output and ensured its survival as late as the 1960s.

The 1916 invention of thin, disposable latex condoms for men led to widespread affordable condoms by the 1930s ; the demise of the Comstock laws in 1936 set the stage for promotion of available effective contraceptives such as the diaphragm and cervical cap ; the 1960s introduction of the IUD and oral contraceptives for women gave a sense of freedom from barrier contraception.

Since the invention of the “ solid state ” transistor in the 1950s and the TTL ( transistor-transistor logic ) that led to the development of the IC ( integrated circuit ) in the 1960s the growth in the field of electronics has been phenomenal.

The technological growth in the 1960s brought Carpigiani to become the worldwide leader in the ice cream machinery, with the invention of the " hard-o-matic ".

Arabesk is folk music style that originally appeared in Turkey during the 1960s as a reflection of migrant workers first experience of immigration inside the homeland As Brown writes, “ With its bittersweet longing for a homeland left behind — a homeland most Turkish-German youngsters could never have seen expect perhaps on vacation — Arabesk expresses a nostalgia and cultural pessimism that dovetails perfectly with hip hop ’ s invention of community through stories of displacement ” ( Brown, 144 ).

Later, historians such as D. W. Robertson in the 1960s and John C. Moore and E. Talbot Donaldson in the 1970s, were critical of the term as being a modern invention, Donaldson calling it " The Myth of Courtly Love ", because it is not supported in medieval texts.

The invention of lasers in the 1960s revolutionized free space optics.

The first practical design for hovercraft derived from a British invention in the 1950s to 1960s.

The phenomenon of swinging, or at least its wider discussion and practice, is regarded by some as arising from the upsurge in sexual activity during the sexual revolution of the 1960s, made possible by the invention of the contraceptive pill and the emergence of treatments for many of the STI's that were known at that time.

With the invention and development of the transistor in the 1950s and 1960s, metal detector manufacturers and designers made smaller lighter machines with improved circuitry, running on small battery packs.

The invention of the musical synthesizers in the 1960s was a step ahead towards the modern keyboard.

The standard diving dress was used from its invention in 1837 until replaced by the rise of Scuba set | scuba and other modern diving outfits in the 1960s.

This situation changed in the 1960s with the invention of possible-world or " intensional " semantics, the main form of which is due to Saul Kripke.

The invention of the beer can and the portable cooler in the 1960s increased alcohol consumption at cricket matches which in turn fuelled bad crowd behaviour.

" The Big Chief peaked in usage in the 1960s when it another Westab invention -- the spiral notebook -- began to claim bigger market share.

Riding breeches were formerly made of thick cavalty-twill and had flared thighs ( balloon legs ), until the invention and of multi-stretch fabrics like Nylon and Spandex became widespread for riding in the 1960s.

It is said that the Francesinha was an invention in the 1960s.

In fact, with the invention of the integrated circuit in the 1960s and the microprocessor in the 1970s, digital broadcasting seems to have taken a footing in the global village that is broadcasting.

Since its invention in the mid 1960s by magician Robert Harbin, it has been hailed as one of the greatest illusions ever invented due to both the apparent impossibility of the trick, and the fact that unlike many illusions it can be performed surrounded by spectators and withstand the scrutiny of audience members.

This credit is often attributed to John Shepherd-Barron ( who invented the first true electronic ATM ) and Donald Wetzel ( who directed a 5 million US -$ project to build upon Shepherd-Barron's invention in the late 1960s ).

In the 1960s, John Lilly, M. D., prolific writer and explorer of consciousness via the isolation tank ( his invention ), and contemporary and associate of Timothy Leary, began experiments in the Virgin Islands aiming to establish meaningful communication between humans and the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ).

This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope.

From early beginnings with the invention of the phonograph using purely mechanical techniques, the field has advanced with the invention of electrical recording, the mass production of the 78 record, the magnetic wire recorder followed by the tape recorder, the vinyl LP record.

The American Elmer Sperry followed with his own design later that year, and other nations soon realized the military importance of the invention — in an age in which naval prowess was the most significant measure of military power — and created their own gyroscope industries.

This development followed the invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century, which made the processing of short-staple cotton profitable.

Despite that Descartes is usually credited with the invention of the non-Platonic use of the term, he at first followed this vernacular use .< sup > b </ sup > In his Meditations on First Philosophy he says, " Some of my thoughts are like images of things, and it is to these alone that the name ' idea ' properly belongs.

This invention was followed by the wireless telegraph which was then placed under the Wireless Telegraph Act 1904.

Practical portable electric megaphones had to await the development of microelectronics which followed the invention of the transistor in 1947.

One interpretation, which is followed by the Boards of Appeal of the EPO, is that an invention is patentable if it provides a new and non-obvious " technical " solution to a technical problem.

With the discovery that many blood proteins vary consistently among populations, followed by the discovery of the DNA code, the invention of the polymerase chain reaction that amplifies trace amounts of DNA, and the decoding of the human genome, phylogeographers largely switched away from craniofacial anthropometry whenever DNA is available.

Cavemen ( including Sid Caesar ) depict the invention of fire, the first marriages ( the first “ Homo sapiens ” marriage which was swiftly followed by the first " homosexual marriage "), the first artist ( which in turn gives rise to the first critic ), and early attempts at comedy and music, by smashing each other's feet with rocks and thus creating an orchestra of screams.

This disposition followed the order of a tonary, but William of Volpiano wrote not only the incipits of the classified chant, he wrote the whole chant text with the music in central French neumes which were still written in campo aperto, and added a second alphabetic notation of his own invention for the melodic structure of the codified chant.

Finding a copy of Wells's Outline of History, it turns out to be identical to the one he knows until 1903, at which point the alternate Wells records the invention of anti-gravity, a fast human expansion into space, a brutal war for the conquest of Mars which Wells strongly denounces, followed by a titanic conflict with Arcturus.

The Royal Tank Regiment's formation followed the invention of the tank.

Because the modern film became an invention and industry only in the late nineteenth century, a generation of simply created films by self investigative producers and directors existed significantly before the academic analysis that followed in later generations.

His invention was widely followed within a short time by all the major military powers.

Capital letters ( majuscules ) emerged first, followed by the invention of lower case letters ( minuscules ) in the Carolingian period.

Many significant collections reflect the revolution in weapon technology in the 20th century and the re-evaluation of tactics and strategy which necessarily followed on from the invention of the tank and the development of air power.

High demand for yarn spurred invention of the spinning jenny in 1765, followed closely by the invention of the spinning frame, later developed into the water frame ( patented in 1769 ).

The history of the route predates the invention of the automobile ; the Donner Party, California Trail and Pony Express all followed the present-day path of the highway.

The increase in the size of data sets produced by the new survey methods was followed by the invention of new statistical techniques for analyzing this data.

He followed his great invention by others of much ability, as, for instance, contrivances for ornamenting net while in course of manufacture and for making ribbons and platted and twisted net upon his machines, improved yarn spinning-frames, and methods for winding raw silk from cocoons.