In the United States, many government agencies are organized under the executive branch of government, although a few are part of the judicial or legislative branches.

To consider but one example, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution states " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof "— but interpretation ( that is, determining the fine boundaries, and resolving the tension between the " establishment " and " free exercise " clauses ) of each of the important terms was delegated by Article III of the Constitution to the judicial branch, so that the current legal boundaries of the Constitutional text can only be determined by consulting the common law.

In the United States, the power of the federal judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, Article III sections 1 and 2: " The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

After the adoption of a new Constitution in 2000, the judicial branch of the country was completely renewed.

The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the Summary Court and the Magistrates ' Court.

The judicial branch, like other two branches, is technically independent and equal to other three branches, although in practice, since its judges are appointed by the president, it is beholden to the same president.

The 1948 Constitution of Italy establishes the parliament, an executive branch ( cabinet ), headed by the Prime Minister ( also called President of the Council ), and an independent judicial branch headed by the ' Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura '.

The All Student Judiciary ( ASJ ), the judicial branch of ASNMU, is a panel composed of 16 students who hear cases involving students who violate the regulations of the University Student Code.

The State's original function of maintaining law and order within its borders gave rise to police administration which is a branch of the dispensation of Justice but on its preventive side, police jurisdiction has a special character of its own, which distinguishes it from ordinary judicial work.

The executive branch and Congress are attempting to reform the judicial branch, antiquated and rife with corruption.

This system revolves around three separate and sovereign yet interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch.

The members of the judicial branch are appointed by the Governor with the approval of the Senate to serve until they reach age 70.

Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government.

The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress.

The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system ( the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States ) and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States.

The Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch.

The judicial branch ( or judiciary ), composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, exercises judicial power ( or judiciary ).

* Judicial Council — The judicial branch consisting of nine persons elected by the General Conference to rule on questions of constitutionality in church law and practice.

Political power in Zimbabwe is split between three branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches, with President as the head of the executive branch, the Prime Minister the head of the legislative branch and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe the head of the judicial branch.

Subject to certain constitutional restraints in favor of fair trials, each level of government is free to devise its own judicial procedures.

" She also called for a sweeping reform of tax and customs administration, the creation of a " strong and independent judicial system " as well as a tough fight against government corruption.

The book records the first 39 years of what the Nephites termed " the reign of the judges ", a period in which the Nephite nation adopted a constitutional theocratic government in which the judicial and executive branches of the government were combined.

The federal government exercises control over the central government and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial.

In August 1828, Pinto's first year in office, Chile abandoned its short-lived federalist system for a unitary form of government, with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

The 1960 Cypriot Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots.

The national government has separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Other principles include responsible government, representation by population, judicial independence, parliamentary supremacy, and an implied bill of rights.

Athenian democracy took the form of a direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features: the random selection of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices, and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens.

The US has sought to encourage the progress of human rights to the country by addressing its concerns directly to the government, as well as holding seminars for better police conduct and judicial conferences with US judeges to improve the rule of law.

Beginning with a nascent judicial system, and an education system in shambles, it has attempted to build the institutions of government from scratch, with varying success.

The present government includes legislative, executive, and judicial bodies.

However, courts and various levels of government have indicated that the right is not without limit, and restrictions such as a prohibition of certain persons from owning or handling a gun ( convicted felons, mentally ill persons, persons under a restraining order ), a ban on certain types of ammunition ( armor-piercing, incendiary / tracer, explosive ), registration and restriction of certain types of firearms ( automatic weapons, short-barrelled shotguns, certain types of modifications ), and licensing requirements for possession or for public carry, have often passed judicial scrutiny ( although some of these points remain untested and others are currently under challenge ).

Faced with a high crime rate, a public corruption problem, often violent harassment and intimidation by unknown assailants of human rights activists, judicial workers, journalists, and witnesses in human rights trials, the government began serious attempts in 2001 to open a national dialogue to discuss the considerable challenges facing the country.

Guatemala's 1985 Constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

In other cases, " government " refers to executive, legislative, judicial, bureaucratic, and possibly also devolved powers.

Both sets of documents contain items from the administrative, legislative, and judicial branches of government, and constitute an invaluable source of primary source materials for students and faculty in political science, public policy, sociology, business and other fields.

They mainly functioned as local government authorities at the county level, as well as having a pre-trial judicial function for serious criminal cases.

The basic Gestapo law passed by the government in 1936 gave the Gestapo carte blanche to operate without judicial oversight.

Premised on Charter protections and on the notion of the immutability of homosexuality, judicial rulings rapidly advanced rights, including those that compelled the Canadian government to legalize same-sex marriage.

The head of state usually appoints most or all the key officials in the government, including the head of government and other cabinet ministers, key judicial figures ; and all major office holders in the civil service, foreign service and commissioned ( military ) officers.

Obviously, the goal here proposed is the guiding principle in Mr. Justice Frankfurter's opinions -- to the extent that Congress leaves the problem to judicial discretion.

It is an issue which may well reach the Supreme Court of the United States before judicial finality is achieved.

The fundamental difficulty of which the Selden case was `` a striking ( though not singular ) example '', concluded Hough, `` will remain as long as testimony is taken without any authoritative judicial officer present, and responsible for the maintenance of discipline, and the reception or exclusion of testimony ''.

The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice in order to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness.

It is distinguished from judicial review, which refers to the court's overriding constitutional or statutory right to determine if a legislative act or administrative decision is defective for jurisdictional or other reasons ( which may vary by jurisdiction ).

A trial de novo is usually available for review of informal proceedings conducted by some minor judicial tribunals in proceedings that do not provide all the procedural attributes of a formal judicial trial.

If an affidavit is notarized or authenticated, it will also include a caption with a venue and title in reference to judicial proceedings.

In some jurisdictions such as Singapore, judicial corporal punishment is part of the legal system.

The scope of judicial review may be limited to certain questions of fairness, or whether the administrative action is ultra vires.

This power is seen as fundamental to the power of judicial review and an aspect of the independent judiciary.

There is however a single General Administrative Law Act (" Algemene wet bestuursrecht " or Awb ) that applies both to the making of administrative decisions and the judicial review of these decisions in courts.

If administrative appeal is available, no appeal to the judicial system may be made.

In practice arbitration is generally used as a substitute for judicial systems, particularly when the judicial processes are viewed as too slow, expensive or biased.

* California Penal Code Section 158: " Common barratry is the practice of exciting groundless judicial proceedings, and is punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months and by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($ 1, 000 ).

* Revised Code of Washington 9. 12. 010: " Every person who brings on his or her own behalf, or instigates, incites, or encourages another to bring, any false suit at law or in equity in any court of this state, with intent thereby to distress or harass a defendant in the suit, or who serves or sends any paper or document purporting to be or resembling a judicial process, that is not in fact a judicial process, is guilty of a misdemeanor ; and in case the person offending is an attorney, he or she may, in addition thereto be disbarred from practicing law within this state.