These sounds have disappeared in all present-day Indo-European languages, but some laryngeals are believed to have existed in Hittite and other Anatolian languages.

The laryngeals are so called because they were once hypothesized ( by Müller and Cuny ) to have had a pharyngeal, epiglottal, or glottal place of articulation involving a constriction near the larynx.

Following this terminology, PIE roots ending in laryngeals are also called seṭ-roots, and all others aniṭ-roots.

* Syllabic laryngeals between plosives in noninitial syllables are lost ( CHC > CC )

* All remaining nonsyllabic laryngeals are lost.

The laryngeal theory is a generally accepted theory of historical linguistics which proposes the existence of one or more consonants, termed " laryngeals ", in the Proto-Indo-European language ( PIE ).

But the theory serves as an elegant explanation for a number of properties of the Proto-Indo-European vowel system that, prior to the postulation of laryngeals, were unanalyzable, such as " independent " schwas ( as in * pəter-' father '); and the hypothesis that PIE schwa * ə was actually a consonant, not a vowel, provides an elegant explanation for some apparent exceptions to Brugmann's law in Indic.

* rise of the Balto-Slavic acute before PIE laryngeals in a closed syllable

The i sound in question is a phoneme i that appears in certain morphological circumstances for certain, lexically defined roots, regularly continuing Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ) laryngeals, as in > bhav-i-tum.

* the three PIE laryngeals merged into one (* H ), which may have disappeared even during the Balto-Slavic period

Reflexes of PIE laryngeals, which represented 3 different phonemes in PIE, became merged in Balto-Slavic to a single */ H /.

By satemization of PIE dorsals and the merger of PIE laryngeals, Balto-Slavic has significantly modified the system of PIE fricatives.

It is the only group to feature an explicit remnant of the laryngeals, sounds that disappeared in late Proto-Indo-European.

On the basis of relative chronology of sound changes it has been ascertained that Winter's law acted rather late, after some other less prominent Balto-Slavic changes occurred, such as after the disappearance of laryngeals in prevocalic position.

Articulation of laryngeal consonants may be superimposed upon the vowel midway in its articulation, giving the impression of two identical vowels interrupted by the laryngeals.

For further explanation of the laryngeals – < h < sub > 1 </ sub >>, < h < sub > 2 </ sub >>, and < h < sub > 3 </ sub >> – see the Laryngeal theory article .</ ref >

The EIEC spelling largely corresponds to that used in the Proto-Indo-European language article, with h < sub > a </ sub > for h < sub > 2 </ sub > and h < sub > x </ sub > for unspecified laryngeals h. Lehmann attempts to give a more phonetical rendering, with ( voiceless velar fricative ) for h < sub > 2 </ sub > and ( glottal stop ) for h < sub > 1 </ sub >.

* All other syllabic laryngeals become * a ( CHC > CaC )

* Vocalization of laryngeals between vowels and initially before consonants to / e /, / a /, / o / from h₁, h₂, h₃ respectively.

Class 2, stations operating on clear channels are required to cease operation or operate under nighttime restrictions beginning either at local sunset ( for daytime class 2, stations ) or sunset at the location of the dominant class 1, station where located west of the class 2, station ( for limited-time class 2, stations ).

The same restrictions apply after local sunset in the case of class 3, stations operating on regional channels, which after that time are required to operate under nighttime restrictions in order to protect each other.

The class 1, stations on these clear channels are protected to their 0.1-mv./m. groundwave contours against daytime cochannel interference.

With respect to skywave service rendered at night, class 1, -- A stations are the only stations permitted to operate in the United States on clear channels specified for class 1, -- A operation, and so render skywave service free from cochannel interference whereever they may be received ; ;

class 1, -- B stations are protected at night to their 0.5-mv./m. 50-percent time skywave contours against cochannel interference.

Since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference, only class 1, stations are capable of rendering skywave service.

With respect to other frequencies, these are designated as regional or local, and assigned for use by class 3, and class 4, stations, respectively, stations operating generally with lower power.

On the remainder of the clear channels, the dominant ( class 1 ) -- B stations are protected as described above, and the relatively small number of secondary ( class 2 ) ) stations permitted to operate on these channels at night are required to operate directionally and/or with reduced power so as to protect the class 1, stations.

Such additional daytime class 2, assignments are appropriate if optimum use is to be made of these frequencies, and the Commission has over the years made a large number of them.

The few cases of clear favoritism along social-class lines are as likely as not to involve representatives of the working class on the school board who favor some such practice as higher wages for janitors rather than pay increases for teachers, and such issues are not issues of educational policy.

They are mostly upper-middle- and lower-middle-class people, with a few in the upper class.

However, there are relatively few such political constituencies, and, as has been pointed out, there is seldom a clear-cut distinction between the educational interests of one social class and those of another.

Like the other policy-making groups, these are middle class in their educational attitudes, and they attempt to act in the general public interest, as they see it.

Thus, during any given year ( A ) if the revenues from the residential service are $7,000,000, ( B ) if the operating expenses imputed to this class of service come to $5,000,000, and ( C ) if the net investment in ( or value of ) the plant and equipment deemed devoted to this service amounts to $30,000,000, the cost analyst will report that residential service, in the aggregate, has yielded a return of $2,000,000 or 6-2/3 per cent.

Local jobs can be seen and counted, while opportunities elsewhere are regarded as more hypothetical.

However, other neutral particles are their own antiparticles, such as photons, the hypothetical gravitons, and some WIMPs.

Supporters of this view believe that “ to a hypothetical outside reader, presents Christianity as enlightened, harmless, even beneficent .” Some believe that through this work, Luke intended to show the Roman Empire that the root of Christianity is within Judaism so that the Christians “ may receive the same freedom to practice their faith that the Roman Empire afforded the Jews .” Those who support the view of Luke ’ s work as political apology generally draw evidence from the facts that Christians are found innocent of committing any political crime ( Acts 25: 25 ; 19: 37 ; 19: 40 ) and that Roman officials ’ views towards Christians are generally positive.

Some of these hypothetical connections are as follows:

The future repair technologies assumed by cryonics are still hypothetical and not widely known or recognized.

When particles in a beam are thrown against a foil made of a certain substance, the cross section is a hypothetical area measure around the target particles of the substance ( usually its atoms ) that represents a surface.

Categorial, hypothetical, disjunctive, existential judgements, and however else we may call them, in pure logic are not names for classes of judgements, but for ideal forms of propositions.

If time, space, and energy are secondary features derived from a substrate below the Planck scale, then Einstein's hypothetical algebraic system might resolve the EPR paradox ( although Bell's theorem would still be valid ).

The hypothetical elementary particles with this property are called tachyonic particles.

In a ring all of whose ideals are principal ( a principal ideal domain or PID ), this ideal will be identical with the set of multiples of some ring element d ; then this d is a greatest common divisor of a and b. But the ideal ( a, b ) can be useful even when there is no greatest common divisor of a and b. ( Indeed, Ernst Kummer used this ideal as a replacement for a gcd in his treatment of Fermat's Last Theorem, although he envisioned it as the set of multiples of some hypothetical, or ideal, ring element d, whence the ring-theoretic term.

The hypothetical right-handed neutrinos are not contained in any of these representations, which can explain their relative heaviness ( see seesaw mechanism ).

Helium-3 is proposed as a second-generation fuel for nuclear fusion in hypothetical fusion power plants, but such plants are still very early in their development -- especially since the first generation has not entered service anywhere, yet.

Several studies have suggested that hedge funds are sufficiently diversifying to merit inclusion in investor portfolios, but this is disputed for example by Mark Kritzman who performed a mean-variance optimization calculation on an opportunity set that consisted of a stock index fund, a bond index fund, and ten hypothetical hedge funds.

Central to the Pure Theory of Law is the notion of a ' basic norm ( Grundnorm )'— a hypothetical norm, presupposed by the jurist, from which in a hierarchy all ' lower ' norms in a legal system, beginning with constitutional law, are understood to derive their authority or ' bindingness '.

MEMS are separate and distinct from the hypothetical vision of molecular nanotechnology or molecular electronics.

Possible worlds are a way of explaining probability, hypothetical statements and the like, and some philosophers such as David Lewis believe that all possible worlds exist, and are just as real as the actual world ( a position known as modal realism ).

Proper reason, on this view, will allow humans to discover actions that get them what they want ( i. e. hypothetical imperatives )-not necessarily actions that are moral.

There were 19th century reports of the existence of small Ostriches in North Africa ; these are referred to as Levaillant's Ostrich ( Struthio bidactylus ) but remain a hypothetical form not supported by material evidence.

Our research, however, demonstrates that when study participants are placed in real, rather than hypothetical, bargaining situations and are presented with accurate information regarding their statistical probability of success, just as they might be so informed by their attorney or the government during a criminal plea negotiation, innocent defendants are highly risk-averse.

Programs that have been translated to p-code are interpreted by a software program that emulates the behavior of the hypothetical CPU.