-- The crystallization of copolymers comprising Af units interspersed with a minor percentage of Af is limited by the inability of the crystal lattice characteristic of the former to accommodate the bulky side group of the latter.

Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz ( SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >) and owes its violet color to irradiation, iron impurities ( in some cases in conjunction with transition element impurities ), and the presence of trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions.

A perfect crystal is one in which the internal lattice structure extends uninterrupted in all directions.

Every lattice element of the structure is in its proper place, whether it is a single atom or a molecular grouping.

He ordained further that some should be called " Abbreviators of the Upper Bar " ( Abbreviatores de Parco Majori ; the name derived from a space in the chancery, surrounded by a grating, in which the officials sat, which is called higher or lower ( major or minor ) according to the proximity of the seats to that of the vice-chancellor ), the others of the Lower Bar ( Abbreviatores de Parco Minori ); that the former should sit upon a slightly raised portion of the chamber, separated from the rest of the hall or chamber by lattice work, assist the Cardinal Vice-Chancellor, subscribe the letters and have the principal part in examining, revising, and expediting the apostolic letters to be issued with the leaden seal ; that the latter, however, should sit among the apostolic writers upon benches in the lower part of the chamber, and their duty was to carry the signed schedules or supplications to the prelates of the upper bar.

The Funkturm Berlin is a tall lattice radio tower at the fair area, built between 1924 and 1926.

Upon heating, α-berkelium transforms into another phase with an fcc lattice ( but slightly different from β-berkelium ), space group Fmm and the lattice constant of 500 pm ; this fcc structure is equivalent to the closest packing with the sequence ABC.

In abstract algebra, a Boolean algebra or Boolean lattice is a complemented distributive lattice.

In many superconductors, the attractive interaction between electrons ( necessary for pairing ) is brought about indirectly by the interaction between the electrons and the vibrating crystal lattice ( the phonons ).

In most materials ( in low temperature superconductors ), this attraction is brought about indirectly by the coupling of electrons to the crystal lattice ( as explained above ).

This is incorporated into the BCS theory, where lattice vibrations yield the binding energy of electrons in a Cooper pair.

Half or more of the trench is filled with " green " ( unfired ) bricks which are stacked in an open lattice pattern to allow airflow.

Also called the " caesium chloride structure ", this structural motif is composed of a primitive cubic lattice with a two-atom basis, each with an eightfold coordination ; the chloride atoms lie upon the lattice points at the edges of the cube, while the caesium atoms lie in the holes in the center of the cubes.

Then X is compact if and only if X is a complete lattice ( i. e. all subsets have suprema and infima ).

However, as the temperature of a semiconductor rises above absolute zero, there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band.

The longheld view is that the carbon atoms fit into octahedral interstices in a close packed metal lattice when the metal atom radius is greater than approximately 135 pm:

the body centred cubic structure adopted by vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten is not a close packed lattice.

The simple view that the lattice of the pure metal " absorbs " carbon atoms can be seen to be untrue as the packing of the metal atom lattice in the carbides is different from the packing in the pure metal, although it is technically correct that the carbon atoms fit into the octahedral interstices of a close-packed metal lattice.

Although the neutral ground-state chemical compounds of argon are presently limited to HArF, argon can form clathrates with water when atoms of it are trapped in a lattice of the water molecules.

The crystal lattice of solid americium and its compounds contains intrinsic defects, which are induced by self-irradiation with alpha particles and accumulate with time ; this results in a drift of some material properties.

This deformation of the lattice causes another electron, with opposite spin, to move into the region of higher positive charge density.

Since diamond also consists of carbon arranged in a crystalline lattice ( though of a different configuration ), scientists have nicknamed this star " Lucy " after the Beatles song " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.

A successful mathematical classification method for physical lattice defects, which works not only with the theory of dislocations and other defects in crystals but also, e. g., for disclinations in liquid crystals and for excitations in superfluid < sup > 3 </ sup > He, is the topological homotopy theory.

The high radioactivity of einsteinium-253 produces a visible glow and rapidly damages its crystalline metal lattice, with released heat of about 1000 watts per gram.

* It is useful to define gcd ( 0, 0 ) = 0 and lcm ( 0, 0 ) = 0 because then the natural numbers become a complete distributive lattice with gcd as meet and lcm as join operation.

UV light creates electron-hole pairs, with the holes reacting with lattice oxygen, creating surface oxygen vacancies, while the electrons reduce V < sup > 5 +</ sup > to V < sup > 3 +</ sup >.

Vacancies are crystal lattice points unoccupied by an atom: in this case the ion collides with a target atom, resulting in transfer of a significant amount of energy to the target atom such that it leaves its crystal site.

This deformation of the lattice causes another electron, with opposite " spin ", to move into the region of higher positive charge density.

Father Franckx later made improvements to the chapel by putting in flooring, galvanized roofing and lattice walls.

Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter and may also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter ( blinding ).

The crystal orientation of the layer can be engineered to match that of the target, even though the exact crystal structure and lattice constant may be very different.

The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine ( GlcNAc or NAG ) and N-acetylmuramic acid ( MurNAc or NAM ).

A lattice of thread is being created atop a layer of batting.

Between each layer, a new lattice of thread is created with a wooden disk used to tamp down the layer.

The activators can undergo change of valence ( usually oxidation ), the crystal lattice degrades, atoms – often the activators – diffuse through the material, the surface undergoes chemical reactions with the environment with consequent loss of efficiency or buildup of a layer absorbing either the exciting or the radiated energy, etc.

A lattice of thread is being created atop a layer of batting.

Between each layer, a new lattice of thread is created with a wooden disk used to tamp down the layer.

Start with a layer of spheres in a hexagonal lattice, then put the next layer of spheres in the lowest points you can find above the first layer, and so on – this is just the way you see oranges stacked in a shop.

Hasse diagram of the lattice of subgroups of the dihedral group Dihedral group of order 8 | Dih < sub > 4 </ sub > In the 3-element layer are the maximal subgroups ; their intersection ( the F. s .) is the central element in the 5-element layer. So Dih < sub > 4 </ sub > has only one non-generating element beyond e.

The oxide layer puts the surface of the metal in tension because the oxygen atoms squeeze into the lattice, and the oxygen atoms are under compression.

This is achieved by using an extremely thin layer of one of the materials – so thin that the crystal lattice simply stretches to fit the other material.

Another way to use materials of different lattice constants is to place a buffer layer between them.

The buffer layer is made of AlInAs, with the indium concentration graded so that it can match the lattice constant of both the GaAs substrate and the GaInAs channel.

Phonon frequencies for such modes increase with the in-plane lattice parameter since atoms in the layer upon stretching will be less free to move in the z direction.

The altitude is different dependent on the area of operations, and is related to understory canopy layer (< 15m / 50ft ) or low building, tree canopy layer of less than 45m ( 147ft ), presence of tall buildings or concrete pylons with heights of up to 25 metres ( 76ft ) international standard, or emergent tree layer canopy and lattice steel electricity pylon to 100m ( 328ft ) being present in the area.