Since the Supreme Leader of Iran is the ultimate clerical authority, Hezbollah's leaders have appealed to him " for guidance and directives in cases when Hezbollah's collective leadership too divided over issues and fail to reach a consensus.

Stalin's death on 5 March 1953 prompted major changes in the Soviet leadership and in March 1953, Voroshilov was approved as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( i. e., the head of state ) with Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Georgy Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union.

Yuli Vorontsov, on Gorbachev's orders, was able to get an agreement with the PDPA leadership to offer the posts of Gossoviet chairman ( the state planning organ ), the Council of Ministers chairmanship ( head of government ), ministries of defence, state security, communications, finance, presidencies of banks and the Supreme Court.

The Nation's leadership chose Wallace Muhammad, the fifth of Elijah's sons, not Louis Farrakhan, as the new Supreme Minister.

Around that time, Stanislav Shushkevich became the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, the top leadership position in Belarus.

To further strengthen the authority of the state, the Supreme War Council was established under the leadership of Yamagata Aritomo ( 1838 – 1922 ), a Chōshū native who has been credited with the founding of the modern Japanese army and was to become the first constitutional prime minister.

By the early 1990s, a new leadership had emerged on the Shankill Road following the killing of powerful South Belfast Brigadier and the UDA's Deputy Commander John McMichael in 1987 by a booby-trap car bomb planted by the IRA ; less than three months later, the Supreme Commander Andy Tyrie resigned after an attempt was made on his life.

Meanwhile, under the terms of the 1857 Constitution, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Justice became interim President until a new election could be held-Juárez was thus acknowledged as President by liberals on 15 January 1858 and assumed leadership of the Liberal side on the civil war known as the Reform War ( Guerra de Reforma ).

Rundstedt replied by insisting on his decision, and adding: " Should confidence in my leadership no longer exist, I beg to request someone be substituted who enjoys the necessary confidence of the Supreme Command.

On September 1, 2008, President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva suspended the leadership of the organization, including its director Paulo Lacerda, and ordered an investigation into allegations that appeared in Veja magazine of phone tapping of senior figures including the heads of both the Senate and the Supreme Court.

Under the leadership and guidance of His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, the Mother See administers to social, cultural and educational programs for Armenia and the Diaspora.

Later, Commager came to embrace the vigorous use of judicial review by the Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren to protect racial and religious minorities from discrimination and to safeguard individual liberties as protected by the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment.

Though an appeal was submitted by SIMI leadership challenging the political ban, it has not been accepted in file by the Supreme Court.

By 1914 the Supreme Council was largely purged of its older, tired leadership, and was dominated by enthusiastic men such as Hobson, McCullough, Patrick McCartan, John MacBride, Sean MacDermott, and Tom Clarke.

As Oz had no leadership at the time, he became Supreme Ruler of the kingdom, and did his best to sustain the myth.

The White Armies did acknowledge a single provisional head of state, the so-called Supreme Governor of Russia, but this post was prominent only under the leadership of Alexander Kolchak.

Montazeri's leadership qualifications were further hurt by not being a seyyed, or descendant of the Prophet Mohammed, traditionally wearing the black turban in Shiite Islam, like Khomeini and Khomeini's successor Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

The position of chairman of the Supreme Soviet was formally designated and given specific powers, particularly leadership over the legislative agenda, the ability to issue orders ( rasporiazheniia ), and formal power to conduct negotiations and sign treaties with foreign governments and international organizations.

The Supreme Court became important under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall ( 1801 – 1834 ), Federalist and nationalist who built a strong Supreme Court and strengthened the national government.

During the battle, the massive headquarters of the Southern Cross is targeted by the Masters and vaporized, killing Supreme Commander Leonard and much of the senior leadership.

However, Podgorny was pleased about his position within the leadership, and even more pleased by the extension of powers given to the Supreme Soviet.

The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British monarch that signifies titular leadership over the Church of England.

On 23 August 2007, however, the Supreme Court of Guinea-Bissau reversed that decision and restored Ialá to the party leadership.

As such, he was an influential force in changing the leadership of the judiciary from a triumvirate, the Supreme Judicial Council, to an individual in 1989.

Under the leadership of Cardinal Wolsey ( the Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor ) and Thomas Cranmer ( the Archbishop of Canterbury ) ( 1515-1529 ), the Court of Star Chamber became a political weapon for bringing actions against opponents to the policies of King Henry VIII, his Ministers and his Parliament.

Yale traces its beginnings to " An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School ", passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, in an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut.

In 1999, Nobel peace prize winner Rigoberta Menchú brought a case against the Guatemalan military leadership in a Spanish Court.

The Qing Court at the time was divided between progressives under the leadership of the Guangxu Emperor, and conservatives under the Empress Dowager Cixi, who had temporarily retreated to the Summer Palace as a place of " retirement ".

" His strength lay in his public gravitas, his leadership skills and in his firm belief that the Constitution guaranteed natural rights and that the Court had a unique role in protecting those rights.

His leadership of Puritan sympathizers brought him a summons to the Court of High Commission.

Only Liverymen may be part of the leadership of the Company ; the Master, the Senior Warden, the Junior Warden and the Court of Assistants ; likewise only Liverymen may nominate others for membership.

After losing the 1970 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election to Robert Bourassa, Wagner left politics to return to the bench, receiving appointment once more as a Sessions Court judge.

In May 2007, following an appeal for the annulment of the third ordinary congress by a faction of the PRS opposed to Ialá, the Regional Court of Bissau cancelled the congress ' resolutions and removed Ialá from the party leadership.

" Under Chief Justice McMurtry's leadership, we pulled together and we worked hard, and the chief justice reached out to the bar and he sought their support, and he got it ," said Court of Appeal Judge Michael Moldaver in a speech.

In response to the 1987 Supreme Court ruling in Edwards v. Aguillard against creation science being taught in United States public school science classes, the term intelligent design was coined as a substitute for it in drafts of the textbook Of Pandas and People which was published in 1989, beginning the campaigning of the intelligent design movement under the leadership of Pandas editor Charles Thaxton.

Court proceedings against Krekar were however dropped when it proved impossible to prove his connections with the terrorist attacks staged in Iraq by Ansar al-Islam during his leadership.

After the Supreme Court ruling, the leadership of the VB seized the occasion to dissolve itself, and start afresh under a new name.

Hizb ut Tahrir is established in 1953 under the leadership of its founder-the scholar, political thinker and judge in the Court of Appeals in al-Quds ( Jerusalem ), In the Muslim world, Hizb ut-Tahrir works at all levels of society to bring the Muslims back to living an Islamic way of life under the shade of the Khilafah ( Caliphate ) State following an exclusively political method.

Ten years later, facing one of frequent Turkish ( Ottoman ) attacks to the territory of Slovakia, the fortifications were improved under the leadership of the military engineer Josef Priami of the Imperial Court in Vienna.

Eventually, amid the efforts to indict the LDS leadership for bigamy, the First Presidency agreed to furnish a defendant in a test case to be brought before the United States Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of the anti-bigamy law.

And by the time the war ended, liberal leadership in this country was spiritually Marxist.

This lofty disregard for others was not shared by such men as Pierre Flotte and his associates, that `` brilliant group of mediocre men '', as Powicke calls them, who provided the brains for the French embassy that came to Rome under the nominal leadership of the archbishop of Narbonne, the duke of Burgundy, and the count of St.-Pol.

His leadership was not for audiences.

The Republican party was not lacking in humanity, but it permitted its extremely partisan leadership to make it appear devoid of any consideration for people in trouble.

So it was that when Mr. Brown and Mr. Sharpe first saw the French tool on exhibition in Paris in 1868, they brought a sample with them to the United States and started Brown & Sharpe in yet another field where it retains its leadership to this day.

His reference to ' discredited carcass ' or ' tattered remains ' of the president's leadership is an insult to the man who led our forces to victory in the greatest war in all history, to the man who was twice elected overwhelmingly by the American people as president of the United States, and who has been the symbol to the world of the peace-loving intentions of the free nations.

Stanton was one of many conservative Democrats ( he supported Breckenridge in the 1860 election ) who became anti-slavery Republicans under Lincoln's leadership.

Adelaide's early history was wrought by economic uncertainty and incompetent leadership.

For example, paintings glorified aristocracy in the early 17th century when leadership was needed to nationalize small political groupings, but later as leadership became oppressive, satirization increased and subjects were less concerned with leaders and more with more common plights of mankind.

Under the leadership of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III, the first half of the 20th century was a period of significant development for the Ismā ' īlī community.

According to some scholars Ali ibn Yusuf was a new generation of leadership that had forgot the desert life for the comforts of the city.

Yet none of this was due to a lack of leadership on Andronikos ' part and his reign could be said to end before the Byzantine Empire's position became untenable due to the ensuing civil war which consumed the empire's remaining resources on Andronikos's death.

Whilst Raymond and the other leaders often quarrelled with each other over the leadership of the crusade, Adhemar was always recognized as the spiritual leader of the crusade.

When Kerbogha was defeated, Adhemar organized a council in an attempt to settle the leadership disputes, but he died on 1 August 1098, probably of typhus.

In 1940, ACLU leadership was caught up in the Red Scare, and voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions.

The Delian League, founded about 477 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

In Ireland, Shane Butler said that AA “ looks like it couldn ’ t survive as there ’ s no leadership or top-level telling local cumanns what to do, but it has worked and proved itself extremely robust .” Butler attributed this to " AA ’ s ' inverted pyramid ' style of governance has helped it to avoid many of the pitfalls that political and religious institutions have encountered since it was established here in 1946.

Katczinsky was a cobbler in civilian life ; he is older than Paul Bäumer and his comrades, about 40 years old, and serves as their leadership figure.

A significant portion of ANC leadership agreed that this violence was needed to combat increasing backlash from the government.

When this heresy-decree, to be made effective, was forwarded to other congregations for approval, the friends of liberal thought, under the leadership of the Tibbonites, issued a counter-ban, and the conflict threatened to assume a serious character, as blind party zeal ( this time on the liberal side ) did not shrink from asking the civil powers to intervene.

Vietnamese academic and journalist Doan Viet Hoat was nicknamed " the Sakharov of Vietnam " for his criticism of Vietnam's communist leadership and his subsequent imprisonment.

It is also important that the Great Sun Stone, also known as the Aztec Calendar, was carved under his leadership.