It was to be the basis of claims in the 19th Century that vestments such as chasubles, albs, and stoles were legal.

It became common for Prayer Books to print the 1662 and 1928 forms of service in parallel columns, although the legal basis of the revision remained unclear.

The common law constitutes the basis of the legal systems of: England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Ireland, federal law in the United States and the law of individual U. S. states ( except Louisiana ), federal law throughout Canada and the law of the individual provinces and territories ( except Quebec ), Australia ( both federal and individual states ), Kenya, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Pakistan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, The Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Granadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, and many other generally English-speaking countries or Commonwealth countries ( except Scotland, which is bijuridicial, and Malta ).

Lord Chief Justice Edward Coke, a 17th-century English jurist and Member of Parliament, wrote several legal texts that formed the basis for the modern common law, with lawyers in both England and America learning their law from his Institutes and Reports until the end of the 18th century.

Various forms of coercion are distinguished: first on the basis of the kind of injury threatened, second according to its aims and scope, and finally according to its effects, from which its legal, social, and ethical implications mostly depend.

Just before and after the execution of King Charles I on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic.

The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War — the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent ( 11 May 1641 ) -- gave them the legal basis for this view.

It may provide the basis for the production of bilingual dictionaries that include the information necessary to make legal communication across borders successful.

A law and a decree establishing the legal basis and procedures for state property privatization reduced the number of companies controlled by the state.

However, Wiesel's organization asserted there would be no legal " basis for reparations or territorial claims ", anticipating Turkish anxieties that it could prompt financial or property claims.

The basis of most modern legal interpretations of human rights can be traced back to recent European history.

It has been argued that resolutions passed outside of Chapter VII can also be binding ; the legal basis for that is the Council's broad powers under Article 24 ( 2 ), which states that " in discharging these duties ( exercise of primary responsibility in international peace and security ), it shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations ".

The number of foreign nationals who became legal permanent residents ( LPRs ) of the U. S. in 2009 as a result of family reunification ( 66 %) exceeded those who became LPRs on the basis of employment skills ( 13 %) and for humanitarian reasons ( 17 %).

The House of Lords asked the judges of the common law courts to answer five questions on insanity as a criminal defence, and the formulation that emerged from their review — that a defendant should not be held responsible for his actions only if, as a result of his mental disease or defect, he ( i ) did not know that his act would be wrong ; or ( ii ) did not understand the nature and quality of his actions — became the basis of the law governing legal responsibility in cases of insanity in England.

In the United Kingdom, the process known in the United States as involuntary commitment is informally known as " detaining " or " sectioning ," using various sections of the Mental Health Act 1983 ( covering England and Wales ), the Mental Health ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1986 and the Mental Health ( Care and Treatment ) ( Scotland ) Act 2003 that provide its legal basis.

Abu Bakr Al-Jassas ( d. 981 AD / 370 AH ) argued that the two hadiths on killing homosexuals " are not reliable by any means and no legal punishment can be prescribed based on them ", and the Hanafi school held that it does not merit any physical punishment, on the basis of a hadith that " Muslim blood can only be spilled for adultery, apostasy and homicide "; against this the Hanbali school held that sodomy is a form of adultery and must incur the same penalty, i. e. death.

Because of the judicial system's basis, court decisions are made in accordance with legal statutes.

There is not a United States constitutional right under the Seventh Amendment to a jury trial in state courts, but in practice, almost every state except Louisiana, which has a civil law legal tradition, permits jury trials in civil cases in state courts on substantially the same basis that they are allowed under the Seventh Amendment in federal court.

Notably, the pact served as the legal basis for the creation of the notion of crime against peace – it was for committing this crime that the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of people responsible for starting World War II.

In the industrial market place the specification may take the form of a legal contract to supply a conforming fluid or purchasers may choose to buy on the basis of a manufacturers own published specification.

Though the Gaonic tradition, especially in its North African version, formed the basis of his legal thought, some scholars have argued recently that Muslim law, including Almohad legal thought, also had a substantial impact.

If it lapses, the legal basis for enforcing discipline disappears, and soldiers lose their legal indemnity for acts committed under orders.

Although the legal force of the document was not established and it was not incorporated directly into either the American or German law, the Nuremberg Code and the related Declaration of Helsinki are the basis for the Code of Federal Regulations Title 45 Volume 46, which are the regulations issued by the United States Department of Health and Human Services governing federally-funded human subjects research in the United States.

USAID has programming in the following areas: economic policy reform and restructuring ; private sector development ( the Business Development Program ); infrastructure rebuilding ; democratic reforms in the media, political process and elections, and rule of law / legal code formulation ; and training programs for women and diplomats.

With institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State can compel populations to conform to codes and can opt to punish or attempt to reform those who do not conform.

Turkey has recently, as a move towards EU membership, undergone a reform of its legal system.

The government acted to modernize the legal and penal systems, attempted to stabilize prices, amortize debts, reform the banking and currency systems, build railroads and highways, improve public health facilities, legislate against traffic in narcotics, and augment industrial and agricultural production.

This left the Rump basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made them unlikely to want to reform these.

Furthermore its platform includes a legal and political order based on human rights and democracy ; balanced economic and financial administration ; fair and open social welfare ; educational and cultural reform ; independent defence and peaceful foreign policy.

His propositions of legal reform ( which were not established in his life time ), though, are considered to have been one of the influences behind the Napoleonic Code, and therefore could show some resemblance with or influence in the drafting of other liberal constitutions that came in the centuries after Bacon's lifetime, such as the American.

Although much of his legal reform proposals were not established in his life time, his legal legacy was considered by the magazine New Scientist, in a publication of 1961, as having influenced the drafting of the Code Napoleon, and the law reforms introduced by Sir Robert Peel.

Tiberius's land reform commission continued distributing lands, albeit much slower than Tiberius had envisaged, as Senators were able to eliminate more of its supporters by legal means.

Social reformer Jeremy Bentham wrote the first known argument for homosexual law reform in England around 1785, at a time when the legal penalty for buggery was death by hanging.

Finally, when it became clear that the English legal profession was firmly opposed to the reform proposals, the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 removed the provisions for the abolition of the judicial functions of the House of Lords, although it retained the provisions that established the High Court and the Court of Appeal.

* 1762 – French Huguenot Jean Calas, who had been wrongly convicted of killing his son, dies after being tortured by authorities ; the event inspired Voltaire to begin a campaign for religious tolerance and legal reform.

She changed the system of tribute gathering ( poliudie ) in the first legal reform recorded in Eastern Europe.

Stephen issued a new royal charter, confirming the promises he had made to the church, promising to reverse Henry's policies on the royal forests and to reform any abuses of the royal legal system.

The United States has publicly advocated industrial privatization, market liberalization, and fiscal reform, as well as legal and regulatory reforms to open up the economy to foreign trade and investment, as the best way to achieve prosperity and true independence and sovereignty.

Because of the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War and because Japan was used as the model for political and legal reform, the law codes which were adopted were modeled closely after that of Germany.

These were complemented by a comprehensive package of structural reforms including privatization, enterprise, and financial sector reform, and creation of the legal framework for a market economy and private sector activity.

The example of early 18th century England legal reform shows how civic lotteries can be used to organize the duties and responsibilities of the citizen body in relation to the state.

Among his many proposals for legal and social reform was a design for a prison building he called the Panopticon.

Yet the most significant legal reform was probably that concerning the Justices of the Peace.

Napoleon set out to reform the French legal system in accordance with the ideas of the French Revolution, because the old feudal and royal laws seemed confusing and contradictory to the people.

The legal thinking behind the Corpus Juris Civilis served as the backbone of the single largest law reform of the modern age, the Napoleonic Code, which marked the abolition of feudalism.

He is best known as a proponent of reduced legal restrictions on copyright, trademark, and radio frequency spectrum, particularly in technology applications, and he has called for state-based activism to promote substantive reform of government with a Second Constitutional Convention.

In Quebec, a recent legal change has allowed this reform to occur.