Sir Henry Sumner Maine, a hundred years before Communism was a force to be reckoned with, wrote his brilliant legal generalization, that `` the progress of society is from status to contract ''.

At various times in the more than 100 years that have elapsed since the song was written, particularly during the John F. Kennedy administration, there have been efforts to give " America the Beautiful " legal status either as a national hymn, or as a national anthem equal to, or in place of, " The Star-Spangled Banner ", but so far this has not succeeded.

Originally, the Church of England was self-contained and relied for its unity and identity on its own history, its traditional legal and episcopal structure and its status as an established church of the state.

A monastery must have been granted the status of an abbey by the Pope, and such monasteries are normally raised to this level after showing a degree of stability — a certain number of monks in vows, a certain number of years of establishment, a certain firmness to the foundation in economic, vocational and legal aspects.

The state governments installed by Johnson all passed Black Codes that gave the freedmen subordinate legal status.

Due to the legal status of ayahuasca in much of the West, those who have been exploring its therapeutic potential are unable to do so openly.

The legal status in the United States of DMT-containing plants is somewhat questionable.

Activists ' goals are for an end to the legal status of " corporate personhood " and the dissolution of free market fundamentalism and the radical economic privatization measures of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization.

West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany.

In addition, owing to the city's legal status, citizens of West Berlin were unable to vote in elections to the Bundestag, and were instead represented by 20 non-voting delegates, indirectly elected by the city's House of Representatives.

Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible for gold through the Bank of England, replacing the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable raw material purchases for armament production.

Bankruptcy is a legal status of an insolvent person or an organisation, that is, one who cannot repay the debts they owe to creditors.

Bankruptcy is not the only legal status that an insolvent person or organisation may have, and the term bankruptcy is therefore not the same as insolvency.

Similar structures have been created under different types of legal status over the years in Israel, notably Kiryat Haim in Haifa, Jaffa in Tel Aviv-Yafo and Ramot and Gilo in Jerusalem.

FAT lost its status as the legal state army when Malloum's civil and military administration disintegrated in 1979.

Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

For example, recently several bird classified as threatened with extinction appeared in the legal wild bird trade because the CITES process never considered their status.

The certification assessment process, for some organizations, is very similar or even the same as licensure and may differ only in terms of legal status, while in other organizations, can be quite different and more comprehensive than that of licensure.

certification and licensure differ only in terms of legal status.

Despite the legal status of the Dublin Region, the term " County Dublin " is still in common usage.

A list of firearms not covered by the NFA due to their antique status may be found here or due to their Curio and Relic status may be found here ; these lists includes a number of carbines with barrels less than the minimum legal length and firearms that are " primarily collector's items and are not likely to be used as weapons and, therefore, are excluded from the provisions of the National Firearms Act.

Today, the crossbow often has a complicated legal status due to the possibility of lethal use and its similarities to both firearms and archery weapons.

When having legal status recognized, or defined in law, as in ancient China, concubinage was akin, although inferior, to marriage.

Their state was fixed for life ; they were frequently despised wherever they went, and there was no legal way for them to escape from their inferior status.

The George W. Bush administration afforded fewer protections, under GCIII, to detainees in the " War on Terror " by codifying the legal status of an " unlawful combatant ".

However, the APA rejected a stronger resolution that sought to prohibit “ all psychologist involvement, either direct or indirect, in any interrogations at U. S. detention centers for foreign detainees or citizens detained outside normal legal channels .” That resolution would have placed the APA alongside the American Medical Association and the American Psychiatric Association in limiting professional involvement in such settings to direct patient care.

There have been a number of legal challenges made on behalf of the detainees held in Guantanamo Bay detention camp and in other places.

The firm was widely criticized by those in the legal community on both sides of the same-sex marriage issue for the decision ; Attorney General of the United States Eric Holder compared the situation to the criticism of lawyers tasked with defending Guantanamo Bay detainees, saying, " It was something we dealt with here in the Department of Justice ... The people who criticized our people here at the Justice Department were wrong then as are people who criticized Paul Clement for the representation that he ’ s going to continue.

As the BBC pointed out the 600 hundred detainees had been in legal limbo since their capture during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, during which time only three detainees had been charged and several dozen had been sent back home following diplomatic pressure from other nations.

" The government alleges that the fact that the treaty says this implies that the courts have no jurisdiction ; the detainees argue that regardless of what the treaty says, the U. S. has full legal control in the area and should have jurisdiction.

" Based on that language and Court's holding in the case of Rasul v. Bush ( issued on the same day as Hamdi, but limited solely to the holding that U. S. courts have jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus petitions filed by the Guantanamo detainees ), the government conceded that some very limited due process rights allowing for hearings to determine the detainees ' status as enemy combatants and the right to legal counsel would be extended to all of the Guantanamo detainees, citizen and non-citizen alike.

* Center for Constitutional Rights, a New York City – based legal nonprofit organization that legally represents over 150 of the Guantanamo Bay detainees

Therefore the process established by the ATCSA involved special rules of evidence which most notably permitted the exclusion of the detainees and their legal representatives from proceedings.

On 7 July 2006 a memo was issued from The Pentagon directing that all military detainees are entitled to humane treatment and to certain basic legal standards, as required by Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions.

Although the Bush administration released over 100 detainees and authorized military tribunals for the rest, the legal framework governing them has been slow in the making.

There been no hearings to determine the legal status of detainees and no judicial review — in short, no legal process at all.

The detainees are being held indefinitely and incommunicado, without legal rights or access to counsel.

Another legal issue is that of blanket strip searches, such as in jails where detainees are routinely strip searched before been found guilty of a crime.

* Those barred from voting in House elections are: members of the sangha or clergy, those suspended from the privilege ( for various reasons ), detainees under legal or court orders and being of unsound mind or of mental infirmity.

Recently, Court of Appeals decisions regarding the legal rights of detainees of Guantanamo Bay took judicial notice of Cuba having no sovereignty over the U. S. naval base in that location despite claims by the United States government that it was Cuban territory and not subject to the application of United States law.

The group's efforts have included a legal challenge to the USA PATRIOT Act and a lawsuit on behalf of post-9 / 11 immigration detainees in the US.

“ London, The Hague and Canberra are deeply concerned about the absence of solid legal protections for detainees, which – in the age of Gitmo and Abu Ghraib – imperils domestic support for the Afghanistan mission ,” said the memo of December 4, 2006, written by diplomat Richard Colvin.

Kurnaz was one of the detainees with enough legal assistance to challenge the legality of his review in a Washington, D. C. court.

Immigration detention in the Netherlands is criticed for the circumstances immigrants are held in, which is often worse than that of criminal detainees, espescially because of the lack of probationary leave, rehabiliation assistance, legal assistance, laws restricting the maximum detention time and a maximum time for judicial review from a judge.