Kidd was presented with a letter of marque, signed personally by King William III of England.

As a rule, the buccaneers called themselves privateers, and many sailed under the protection of a letter of marque granted by British, French or Dutch authorities.

Nevertheless, these rough men had little concern for legal niceties, and exploited every opportunity to pillage Spanish targets, whether or not a letter of marque was available.

Many of the letters of marque used by buccaneers were legally invalid, and any form of legal paper in that illiterate age might be passed off as a letter of marque.

The letter of marque of a privateer would typically limit activity to a specific area and to the ships of specific nations.

No letter of marque has been legitimately issued by the United States since the nineteenth century.

A " letter of marque and reprisal " would involve permission to cross an international border to effect a reprisal ( take some action against an attack or injury ) authorized by an issuing jurisdiction to conduct reprisal operations outside its borders.

2a of " marque " defining " letter of marque "), the first recorded use of " letters of marque and reprisal " was in an English statute in 1354 during the reign of Edward III.

The notion of reprisal, and behind it that just war involved avenging a wrong, clung to the letter of marque until 1620 in England, in that to apply for one a shipowner had to submit to the Admiralty Court an estimate of actual losses.

Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, too carried a letter of marque.

Similarly, on 10 November 1800 the East Indiaman Phoenix captured the French privateer General Malartic, an action made legal by a letter of marque.

* Section 4 removed the warship exemption from applying to privateers or vessels with a letter of marque.

In many nations, power is given to the head of state or sovereign ; in other cases, something short of a full declaration of war, such as a letter of marque or a covert operation, may authorise war-like acts by privateers or mercenaries.

In The Reverse of the Medal Stephen uses part of his fortune to buy the recently decommissioned HMS Surprise, giving its command to Jack Aubrey ( who had recently been framed for stock manipulation and temporarily lost his commission ) to be used as a letter of marque.

* Vengeance ( letter of marque ), an American ship captured by the Royal Navy in 1813 and renamed HMS Telegraph

Mason was granted a letter of marque by Jacob Leisler, then acting governor of New York, and Culliford accompanied the pirates as they ransacked and laid waste two French Canadian towns.

** The Triton-a letter of marque

The player receives a letter of marque authorizing service as a privateer for Spain, the Dutch Republic, England, or France in the Caribbean.

He signed on as the first officer on the American privateer Queen of France, a large merchant ship for which the Continental Congress approved a letter of marque.

Returning to England at the outbreak of war in 1803, Jack is offered a letter of marque by a Mr. Canning.

A portion of the " letter of marque " issued to Bouchard by the Argentine government.

He fought the British Navy in Vieques and was granted a letter of marque and reprisal with the privileges of privateer by the Spanish Crown.

The letter of marque and reprisal granted him the privileges of privateer.

Barton's commission against the Portuguese is often called a letter of marque, but it was in fact a " letter of reprisal ", a different sort of document, which remained in use in Scotland long after other countries had abandoned it.

Whereas a letter of marque authorized action against the king's enemies during wartime, a letter of reprisal was issued to a man who had been individually wronged by foreign governments-typically when they failed to bring their own pirates to justice for an attack.

In this way, the Barton family were at war with Portugal for almost a century ( c. 1470-1563 ), eventually subcontracting an entire fleet of privateers under their letter of reprisal.

This view finds independent support in a letter from then British Army intelligence officer Colin Wallace to Tony Stoughton, Chief Information Officer of the British Army Information Service at Lisburn, on 14 August 1975: There is good evidence the Dublin bombings in May last year were a reprisal for the Irish government's role in bringing about the sharing Executive.

When Fred Powell's brother-in-law, Charlie Keane, moved into the dead man's home, the anonymous letter writer took no chances on Charlie taking up where Fred had left off and wasted no time on a first notice:

An accompanying sympathetic letter explained that inside the envelope was a name for Mrs. Coolidge's first granddaughter.

the `` sober opinion '' of his letter to Noyes, written when Hardy was eighty years old, is essentially that of his first `` philosophical '' notebook entry, made when he was twenty-five: `` The world does not despise us: it only neglects us '' ( Early Life, p. 63 ).

A ( named a, plural aes ) is the first letter and vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

The earliest certain ancestor of " A " is aleph ( also called ' aleph ), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet ( which, by consisting entirely of consonants, is an abjad rather than a true alphabet ).

Alpha ( uppercase Α, lowercase α ; Álpha ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet.

Plutarch, in Moralia, presents a discussion on why the letter alpha stands first in the alphabet.

If the original word was capitalised, then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev.

* 1527 – The first known letter from North America is sent by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.

The first nine probably date from the 3rd century BC, they are usually included among the Cynic epistles, and reflect how the Cynic philosophers viewed him as prefiguring many of their ideas ; the tenth letter is quoted by Diogenes Laertius, it is addressed to Croesus, the proverbially rich king of Lydia, it too is fictitious:

The first significant reference to the influence of Aelian in the 16th century is a letter to Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange from his cousin William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg on December 8, 1594.

The first level of the code indicates the anatomical main group and consists of one letter.

* A ( Cyrillic ), the first letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet

Athanasius ' letters include one " Letter Concerning the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea " ( De Decretis ), which is an account of the proceedings of that council, and another letter in the year 367 which was the first known listing of the New Testament including all those books now accepted everywhere as the New Testament.

St Cyril of Alexandria, 370-444, In the first letter says: " Athanasius is one who can be trusted: he would not say anything that is not in accord with sacred scripture.

The Beowulf manuscript itself is mentioned in name for the first time in a letter in 1700 between George Hickes, Wanley ’ s assistant, and Wanley.

The letter stated her objections to Muslims in France ritually slaughtering sheep by slitting their throats without anesthetizing them first but also said, in reference to Muslims, that she was " fed up with being under the thumb of this population which is destroying us, destroying our country and imposing its habits ".

When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase.

The first four poems ( chapters ) are acrostics, like some of the Psalms ( 25, 34, 37, 119 ), i. e., each verse begins with a letter of the Hebrew alphabet taken in order.

The theory was first published in April 1957 in the letter, " Microscopic theory of superconductivity ".

The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape was first put forward by geologist John Michell in a letter written to Henry Cavendish in 1783 of the Royal Society:

The first recorded use of the term is in a 1964 letter by Anne Ewing to the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Tomislav was the first ruler of Croatia who was styled a king in a letter from the Pope John X, dating kingdom of Croatia to year 925.

A woman doctor wrote to a friend in June 1933 that she had not yet become a cannibal, but was “ not sure that I shall not be one by the time my letter reaches you .” The good people died first.

The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case ( small letters ).