The term can also refer to the academic study of esoteric religious movements and philosophies, or more generally of alternative or marginalized religious movements or philosophies whose proponents distinguish their beliefs, practices, and experiences from mainstream institutionalized traditions.

Contrary to the common mainstream academic and popular use of the term, Communist states have sometimes been referred to as " fascist ", typically as an epithet.

Throughout his academic career Singer has written frequently in the mainstream press, including the The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal, often striking up positions that go against mainstream thinking.

However, the foundation of memetics in full modern incarnation originates in the publication in 1996 of two books by authors outside the academic mainstream: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by former Microsoft executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker player, Richard Brodie, and Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at Fermilab.

Most of that ( cognitive ) research on unconscious processes has been done in the mainstream, academic tradition of the information processing paradigm.

Those at the LSE believed that economic history warranted its own courses, research agenda and academic chair separated from mainstream economics.

Hinnells proposes that the early Music Department's " mixture of scholarship and cultural nationalism " in an area of music with largely unknown commercial prospects was driven by its sense of cultural philanthropy ( given the Press's academic background ) and a desire to promote " national music outside the German mainstream.

Today there are dwindling numbers of regional scientists from academic planning programs and mainstream geography departments.

In contrast to mainstream academic usage, some politically correct authors ( like Christopher I. Beckwith noted above ) argue that using the word " barbarian " is insulting, even in historical contexts.

Neither of these theories has been endorsed in the academic mainstream, however.

These are generally considered to be akin to conspiracy theories by mainstream economists and ignored in academic literature on monetary policy.

In recent studies by Muslim contemporary thinkers that aim at ' renewing the impetus of philosophical thinking in Islam ', Nader El-Bizri offers a critical analysis of the conventions of methodology and historiography that dominate the mainstream academic and epistemic approaches in studying ' Islamic philosophy ' from ' archival ' standpoints, within Oriental and Mediaevalist Studies, which fail to recognize the fact that ' philosophy in Islam ' can still be a living intellectual tradition, and that its renewal requires a radical reform in ontology and epistemology within Islamic thought.

Many of the racial theories that once hypothesized an Anglo-Saxon race and categorized other groups based on religion are no longer in mainstream academic thought.

Pseudophilosophy is a term applied to philosophical ideas or systems which are claimed not to meet mainstream academic standards.

* Contempt for the mainstream establishment, in particular for public figures who, in his view, gain mainstream respectability by criticizing those to their left ; targets have included The New York Times, President Barack Obama, Senator Bernie Sanders, the late academic Irving Howe, and some of his colleagues at The Nation, including Marc Cooper, David Corn and Eric Alterman.

Although many of the independent schools in England and Wales aim at the highest academic standards, a small number have been established to provide support for those experiencing difficulties in mainstream education.

These pseudoscientific interpretations involve the use of archaeological data to construct theories about the past that differ radically from those of mainstream academic archaeology in order to supplement new historic claims with evidence.

It is the mainstream way of looking at mathematics for academic pure mathematicians.

Even academic philosophers entirely in the mainstream, such as Gareth Evans, have written as follows:

" But Shirer worked outside of the academic mainstream, Evans noted, and his account was not informed by the historical scholarship of the time ( 1960 ).

While Bernstein has supported small presses throughout his career, he has also published on such mainstream academic presses as Oxford University Press, Harvard University Press, Northwestern University Press, and, most recently, The University of Chicago Press, which has published his last three major works.

Due to this incident, many South Korean political, academic and citizen groups expressed their outrage against current mainstream politics.

Several other works by Ambrose clearly teach the mainstream view of salvation.

The mainstream view is that Gigantopithecus was quadrupedal, and it has been argued that Gigantopithecus's enormous mass would have made it difficult for it to adopt a bipedal gait.

However, in more recent years, since the end of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, with the increasing influence of Monetarist schools of thought in the 1980s, and particularly in the face of large sustained trade imbalances, these concerns — and particularly concerns about the destabilising effects of large trade surpluses — have largely disappeared from mainstream economics discourse and Keynes ' insights have slipped from view.

The mainstream view among anthropologists is that the increases in human brain-size occurred well before the advent of cooking, due to a shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to the consumption of meat.

The opportunity to view spectacular comets with relatively small aperture instruments in the to range is more frequent than might be guessed from the relatively rare attention they get in the mainstream press.

He has questioned the link between second-hand smoke and lung cancer, and has been an outspoken opponent of the mainstream scientific view on climate change ; he argues there is no evidence that increases in carbon dioxide produced by human beings is causing global warming and that the temperature of the earth has always varied.

This practice, due to its illegality, has generally become favored by groups excluded from the political mainstream ( e. g. far-left or far-right groups ) who justify their activity by pointing out that they do not have the money – or sometimes the desire – to buy advertising to get their message across, and that a " ruling class " or " establishment " control the mainstream press, systematically excluding the radical / alternative point of view.

He has questioned the link between secondhand smoke and lung cancer, and has been an outspoken opponent of the mainstream scientific view on climate change.

Koester articulates a majority view among scholars that Justin considered the " memoirs of the apostles " to be accurate historical records but not inspired writings, whereas scholar Charles E. Hill, though acknowledging the position of mainstream scholarship, contends that Justin regarded the fulfillment quotations of the gospels to be equal in authority.

" Mass media " is sometimes used as a synonym for " mainstream media ", which is distinguished from alternative media by the content and point of view.

The " Gutones " is a simplification of two manuscript variants, Guttonibus and Guionibus, which would be in the nominative case Guttones or Guiones, the Goths in the mainstream view.

The analysis of " mainstream Puritanism " in terms of the evolution from it of separatist and antinomian groups that did not flourish, and others that continue to this day such as Baptists and Quakers, can suffer in this way, as well as risking an incoherent view of where the burden of belief lay for the " godly ".

The book was rejected by publishers in Sweden prompting an open letter in 2003 defending Johnstone's book ( and her right to publish ) which was signed by, among others, Noam Chomsky, Arundhati Roy, Tariq Ali and John Pilger: " We regard Diana Johnstone ’ s Fools ’ Crusade as an outstanding work, dissenting from the mainstream view but doing so by an appeal to fact and reason, in a great tradition.

In 1992, Joseph Nicolosi, Charles Socarides, and Benjamin Kaufman founded the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality ( NARTH ), a mental health organization that opposes the mainstream medical view of homosexuality and aims to " make effective psychological therapy available to all homosexual men and women who seek change.

However, the mainstream view ( without necessarily endorsing many-worlds ) is that decoherence is the mechanism that forbids such simultaneous perception.

Besides offering a sometimes satirical view of the seriousness of mainstream news, the Daily Sun confers weightiness upon issues that would likely be treated with laughing dismissal in traditional South African broadsheets.

Proponents of this view claim that the character of Polonius in Hamlet is a parody of Cecil, an interpretation which a minority of mainstream scholars have agreed with.

The mainstream Jewish view is that God will reward those who observe His commandments and punish those who intentionally transgress them.

Rabbi Lord Immanuel Jakobovits, former Chief Rabbi of the United Synagogue of Great Britain, describes the mainstream Jewish view on this issue: " Yes, I do believe that the chosen people concept as affirmed by Judaism in its holy writ, its prayers, and its millennial tradition.

Additionally, mainstream is sometimes a codeword used for an actual ethnocentric or hegemonic subculture point of view, especially when delivered in a culture war speech.

It is often used as a pejorative term by subcultures who view ostensibly mainstream culture as not only exclusive but artistically and aesthetically inferior.

" However, some have been critical of Lichtenstein's use of comic-book imagery and art pieces, especially insofar as that use has been seen as endorsement of a patronizing view of comics by the art mainstream ; noted comics author Art Spiegelman commented that " Lichtenstein did no more or less for comics than Andy Warhol did for soup.

Moore's Swamp Thing had a profound effect on mainstream comic books, being the first horror comic to approach the genre from a literary point of view since the EC horror comics of the 1950s, and broadened the scope of the series to include ecological and spiritual concerns while retaining its horror-fantasy roots.