Therefore, the on-the-scene commander must have detailed operating instructions based on measurement of conditions, in the area, at the time of encounter.

A number of adjustment features are included in the Hesiometer to facilitate measurement and permit ready removal of coatings deposited on such substrates as iron and other metals, glass, wood, and plastic surfaces.

Setting circles are angular measurement scales that can be placed on the two main rotation axes of some telescopes.

Analytical chemistry is also focused on improvements in experimental design, chemometrics, and the creation of new measurement tools to provide better chemical information.

For any system, the following restrictions on measurement results apply, where is the reduced Planck constant and is any direction vector such as x, y, or z:

Brown ( New World ) archaeoastronomers in contrast have abundant ethnographic and historical evidence and have been described as ' cavalier ' on matters of measurement and statistical analysis.

Plate anemometers have been used to trigger high wind alarms on bridges. They are used on these high places because they are in a plate shape ; has a good measurement status on higher altitudes.

Also, it is often erroneously cited that total plate appearances is the divisor ( i. e., denominator ) used in calculating on base percentage ( OBP ), an alternative measurement of a player's offensive performance ; in reality, the OBP denominator does not include certain PAs, such as times reached via either catcher ’ s interference or fielder ’ s obstruction.

Usually, computation on a quantum computer ends with a measurement.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is most closely allied with the scientist – practitioner model, in which clinical practice and research is informed by a scientific perspective, clear operationalization of the problem, and an emphasis on measurement, including measuring changes in cognition and behavior and in the attainment of goals.

In addition, there are several different kinds of calculations for central tendency, where the kind of calculation depends on the type of data ( level of measurement ).

Many physicists and philosophers have objected to the Copenhagen interpretation, both on the grounds that it is non-deterministic and that it includes an undefined measurement process that converts probability functions into non-probabilistic measurements.

Supporters consider cheerleading, as a whole, a sport, citing the heavy use of athletic talents while critics do not see it as deserving of that status since sport implies a competition among squads and not all squads compete, along with subjectivity of competitions where-as with gymnastics, diving, and figure skating-scores are assessed based on human judgment and not an objective goal or measurement of time.

That is, the mechanism by which the measurement is made is different ; each method is dependent on an unrelated natural phenomenon.

For any rectangular section on a round tube, the diagonal measurement is also the diameter of the tube.

The density of granular material can be ambiguous, depending on exactly how its volume is defined, and this may cause confusion in measurement.

" In Newtonian fashion, he brought a scientific exactitude for measurement into natural history and even alluded to concepts that are the foundation of a modern ecological law on species-to-area relationships.

General semantics ' view of " time-binding " and modern theories of scenario analysis and financial risk ( based on statistics ) emphasize a need to keep time frames of measurement and analysis carefully aligned.

The practical measurement of traffic is typically based on continuous observations over several days or weeks, during which the instantaneous traffic is recorded at regular, short intervals ( such as every few seconds ).

Commenting on this, other writers ( such as John von Neumann and David Bohm ) have suggested that consequently there would have to be ' hidden ' variables responsible for random measurement results, something which was not expressly claimed in the original paper.

The quantum state determines the probable outcomes of any measurement performed on the system.

Furthermore, Bob is only able to perform his measurement once: there is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics, known as the " no cloning theorem ", which makes it impossible for him to make a million copies of the electron he receives, perform a spin measurement on each, and look at the statistical distribution of the results.

A study of the hydrogen line profiles indicates that a measurement of these profiles can be used to calculate a temperature for the arc plasma that is reliable to about Af percent.

One benefit is that the statistical moment calculations can be carried out to arbitrary accuracy such that the computations can be tuned to the precision of, e. g., the data storage format or the original measurement hardware.

" The small-angle formula can be used to convert such an angular measurement into a distance / size ratio.

If the amount in the sample is below an instrument's range of measurement, the method of addition can be used.

Measurements from pairs of transducers can be combined to yield a measurement of velocity in 1 -, 2 -, or 3-dimensional flow.

* the range of frequencies in which some measurement apparatus ( e. g., a powermeter ) can operate

Coulomb and Mott scattering measurements can be made by using electron beams as scattering probes, and similarly, positron annihilation can be used as an indirect measurement of local electron density.

This reflects a realist approach to measurement, acknowledging that under any definition of residence there is a true value of the population but this can never be measured with complete accuracy.

A Crookes radiometer, consistent with the word-element " meter " in its title, can provide a quantitative measurement of electromagnetic radiation intensity.

This can be done, for example, by visual means ( e. g., a spinning slotted disk, which functions as a simple stroboscope ) without interfering with the measurement itself.

CMT can be diagnosed through symptoms, through measurement of the speed of nerve impulses ( electromyography ), through biopsy of the nerve, and through DNA testing.

Trailing zeros after the decimal point are not necessary, although in science, engineering and statistics they can be retained to indicate a required precision or to show a level of confidence in the accuracy of the number: Although 0. 080 and 0. 08 are numerically equal, in engineering 0. 080 suggests a measurement with an error of up to one part in two thousand (± 0. 0005 ), while 0. 08 suggests a measurement with an error of up to one in two hundred ( see significant figures ).

If the depletion layer is large enough to catch the whole shower or to stop a heavy particle, a fairly accurate measurement of the particle ’ s energy can be made, simply by measuring the charge conducted and without the complexity of a magnetic spectrometer, etc.

Although there are computational methods that can be used to estimate the behavior of a mixture of arbitrary components, the only way to obtain accurate vapor-liquid equilibrium data is by measurement.

In laboratory conditions, the interactions of individual electrons can be observed by means of particle detectors, which allow measurement of specific properties such as energy, spin and charge.

Such explanations, which are still encountered in popular expositions of quantum mechanics, are debunked by the EPR paradox, which shows that a " measurement " can be performed on a particle without disturbing it directly, by performing a measurement on a distant entangled particle.

This assumption can be violated if the measurement of the dependent variable is consistently positive or negative.

Heteroskedacity can also be caused by changes in measurement practices.

They also give information which will aid in the design of a more satisfactory instrument for the measurement of the normal pressures.

As the speed of light in meters per second ( c < sub > 0 </ sub >) is fixed in the International System of Units, this measurement of the speed of light in AU / d ( c < sub > AU </ sub >) also determines the value of the astronomical unit in meters ( A ):

* the uniform cost model, also called uniform-cost measurement ( and similar variations ), assigns a constant cost to every machine operation, regardless of the size of the numbers involved

* the logarithmic cost model, also called logarithmic-cost measurement ( and variations thereof ), assigns a cost to every machine operation proportional to the number of bits involved

The critical weighing of the heart scene in the Book of the Dead also shows Anubis performing the measurement that determined the worthiness of the deceased to enter the realm of the dead ( the underworld, known as Duat ).

The mole is a unit of measurement that denotes an amount of substance ( also called chemical amount ).

: A further argument is that relativistic difficulties about establishing which measurement occurred first also undermine the idea that one observer is causing what the other is measuring.

Of course, heat generated by living organisms may also be measured by direct calorimetry, in which the entire organism is placed inside the calorimeter for the measurement.

The many-worlds interpretation shares many similarities with later, other " post-Everett " interpretations of quantum mechanics which also use decoherence to explain the process of measurement or wavefunction collapse.

However, the view that there is no causal instantaneous effect has also been proposed within the Copenhagen interpretation: in this alternate view, measurement affects our ability to define ( and measure ) quantities in the physical system, not the system itself.

General relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which have since been observed indirectly ; a direct measurement is the aim of projects such as LIGO and NASA / ESA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and various pulsar timing arrays.

The gauss, abbreviated as G, is the cgs unit of measurement of a magnetic field B, which is also known as the " magnetic flux density " or the " magnetic induction ".

Geodesy (), also named geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space.

A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in Louisiana for most of the 19th century.

: Quantity reference: The quantity has a subscripted or superscripted single letter, a number of letters, or an entire word, to specify what measurement / s they refer to, and tend to be written in italic rather than upright roman typeface while the quantity is also in italic.

See also Ancient Greek units of measurement and History of geodesy.

The Beck Hopelessness Scale has also been described as a measurement of pessimism.

An approach which seems mathematically to be similar to IRT but also quite distinctive, in terms of its origins and features, is represented by the Rasch model for measurement.

The measurement of a spontaneous fission activity was assigned to < sup > 256 </ sup > Rf ,< ref > while later studies done at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung Institute ( GSI ), also measured decay properties for the isotopes < sup > 257 </ sup > Rf, and < sup > 255 </ sup > Rf .< ref >< ref name = 97He01 >

and is also a unit of time in other systems of measurement ( abbreviated s or sec ).

Special relativity ( SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR ) is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein ( after the considerable and independent contributions of Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others ) in the paper " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies ".