These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system.

In addition to these cell-mediated mechanisms of elimination, antimicrobial peptides secreted by the airway epithelium contribute to host defense.

They are typically trees with coloured sap ( typically a red sap ) and essential oils as irritant or toxic defense mechanisms that repel or poison many herbivorous organisms, they having antifungal action and antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, even.

The possible mechanisms of action of antioxidants were first explored when it was recognized that a substance with anti-oxidative activity is likely to be one that is itself readily oxidized.

The government took no action, and handed the final parts of Bakassi over to Cameroon on 14 August 2008 as planned, but a Federal High Court had stated this should be delayed until all accommodations for resettled Bakassians had been settled ; the government did not seem to plan to heed this court order, and did set the necessary mechanisms into motion to override it.

Other less important mechanisms of action are also known.

The catalytic action of enzymes relies on several mechanisms including the molecular shape (" induced fit "), bond strain, proximity and orientation of molecules relative to the enzyme, proton donation or withdrawal ( acid / base catalysis ), electrostatic interactions and many others.

Potential mechanisms of action on humans are genotoxicity and endocrine disruption.

Classification of common diuretics and their mechanisms of action:

CONCAUSA is a cooperative plan of action to promote clean, efficient energy use ; conserve the region's biodiversity ; strengthen legal and institutional frameworks and compliance mechanisms ; and improve and harmonize environmental protection standards.

Despite extensive research into the interaction of modafinil with a large number of neurotransmitter systems, a precise mechanism or set of mechanisms of action remains unclear.

Alternative mechanisms of action that have been proposed include the activation of glutamatergic circuits while inhibiting GABAergic neurotransmission.

It incorporates approaches and techniques from neuropharmacology, animal behavior and behavioral neuroscience, and is interested in the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs.

Thus several psychologists such as Howe have argued against the existence of innate talent, while in neuroscience there have been debates that the brain functions with Mass action, rather than by a series of interacting mechanisms – for instance by Karl Lashley and others.

One of the key elements of this agreement was that there would be no quantitative limit on the credit a country could claim from use of these mechanisms provided domestic action constituted a significant element of the efforts of each Annex B country to meet their targets.

# Compliance: Final action on compliance procedures and mechanisms that would address non-compliance with Protocol provisions was deferred to COP 7, but included broad outlines of consequences for failing to meet emissions targets that would include a requirement to " make up " shortfalls at 1. 3 tons to 1, suspension of the right to sell credits for surplus emissions reductions, and a required compliance action plan for those not meeting their targets.

The 1970s and 1980s were further marked by a better understanding of the synaptic aspects of the action mechanisms of drugs.

The reinforcing qualities of alcohol leading to repeated use – and thus also the mechanisms of withdrawal from chronic alcohol use – are partially due to the substance ’ s action on the dopamine system.

Ultimately, the cAMP second messenger system, through several downstream mechanisms, works by modulating the opening of plasmalemmal ion channels that allow positively charged ions such as Na < sup >+</ sup > and K < sup >+</ sup > to enter or exit the cytoplasm of the cell, thereby generating or inhibiting an action potential.

The mechanism of thalidomide's teratogenic action has led to over 2000 research papers and the proposal of 15 or 16 plausible mechanisms.

The main mechanisms of action are:

Importantly, the precise neural mechanisms of action are unknown, and need to be studied using a combination of behavioral and neuroimaging approaches.

* Glucocorticoids such as cortisol control carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and are anti-inflammatory by preventing phospholipid release, decreasing eosinophil action and a number of other mechanisms.

Some disadvantages of the bolt action include being the slowest of all the major manual repeating mechanisms, as it requires four distinct movements ( as opposed to two distinct movements for lever and pump action, though straight-pull bolt actions likewise require only two distinct movements ) and requires the trigger hand leave the gun and regrip the weapon after each shot, usually resulting in the shooter having to realign his sight and reacquire the target for every shot.

That the anti-infective characteristic is not specific to vitamin A is a mystery ; however, there was no doubt about its effectiveness in this particular experiment, action mechanisms elucidated or not.

Further research in the meaning of crises as experienced by the consumers of traditional social casework services -- including attempts to develop a typology of family structures, crisis problems, reaction mechanisms, and differential treatment approaches -- and the establishment of new experimental programs are imperative social needs which should command the best efforts of caseworkers in collaboration with community planners.

If a wedge-shaped coating of increasing thickness is removed from a substrate by an instrument like the Hesiometer with a knife of constant rake angle, a number of removal mechanisms are often observed which depend upon the thickness of the coating.

The detailed mechanisms of this type of failure have been studied extensively by Merchant for metal cutting, and the principles found can be directly applied to coatings.

Those who have served as faculty advisers are too familiar with the useful but artificial mechanisms of student government to be taken in by `` busy-work '' and ersatz decision making.

The remaining 2, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, are incorporated into proteins by unique synthetic mechanisms.

Scientists dismiss these mechanisms as implausible since, for example, the magnetic field, when measured from earth, of a large but distant planet such as Jupiter is far smaller than that produced by ordinary household appliances.

Adhesion, the attachment between adhesive and substrate may occur either by mechanical means, in which the adhesive works its way into small pores of the substrate, or by one of several chemical mechanisms.

One of the mechanisms by which T-helper cells are depleted is apoptosis, which results from a series of biochemical pathways:

Simple explanation of the mechanisms of apoptosis triggered by internal signals ( bcl-2 ), along the caspase-9, caspase-3 and caspase-7 pathway ; and by external signals ( FAS and TNF ), along the caspase 8 pathway.

Damage to DNA can cause mutations and possibly cancer, if not reversed by DNA repair mechanisms, while damage to proteins causes enzyme inhibition, denaturation and protein degradation.

It is believed that the mechanisms are multifaceted and include the following: 1 ) Potassium or glutamate leakage through the outer membrane of bacteria ; 2 ) Osmotic balance disturbances ; 3 ) Binding to proteins that do not require or utilize copper ; 4 ) Oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide generation.

Even for present-day neuroscience, the mechanisms by which brain activity gives rise to consciousness and thought remain very challenging to understand: despite rapid scientific progress, much about how the brain works remains a mystery.

From a mechanical viewpoint, up to 99 % of the energy delivered by the rider into the pedals is transmitted to the wheels, although the use of gearing mechanisms may reduce this by 10 – 15 %.

Discovered in 1946 by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum, conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact.

Research in learning and development aims to explain the mechanisms by which these processes might take place.

In the body, chromium ( VI ) is reduced by several mechanisms to chromium ( III ) already in the blood before it enters the cells.

Ultimately, the causes act by three mechanisms: depressed automaticity of the heart, conduction block, or escape pacemakers and rhythms.

* Computational studies can be used to predict the possibility of so far entirely unknown molecules or to explore reaction mechanisms that are not readily studied by experimental means.

A range of tools and mechanisms provided by the Nagoya Protocol will assist contracting Parties including:

Nucleophilic substitution can take place by two different mechanisms, S < sub > N </ sub > 1 and S < sub > N </ sub > 2.

An important part of cell biology is the investigation of molecular mechanisms by which proteins are moved to different places inside cells or secreted from cells.