A failure in logistics often resulted in famine and disease for the medieval world, with corresponding deaths and loss of morale.

Many proto-scientists from the Islamic Golden Age and medieval and Renaissance Europe are considered polymaths, in part because of the lack of anything corresponding to modern scientific disciplines.

Hauptmann was a common military title during medieval times, literally meaning " captain " but functionally corresponding rather to today's " general ".

The County of Marche () was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse.

The Saxons were one of the most robust groups in the late tribal culture of the times, and eventually bequeathed their tribe's name to a variety of more and more modern geo-political territories from Old Saxony near the mouth of the Elbe up the river via the Prussian Province of Saxony ( in present-day Saxony-Anhalt ) to Upper Saxony, the Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony from 1806 corresponding with the German Free State of Saxony, which bears the name today though it was not part of the medieval duchy ( see map on the right ).

" Provençal " ( with " Limousin ") is also the customary name given to the older version of the langue d ' oc used by the troubadours of medieval literature, corresponding to Old French or the langue d ' oïl of the northern areas of France.

The contribution to r from common ancestors of 20 generations ago ( corresponding to roughly 500 years in human genealogy, or the contribution from common descent from a medieval population ) falls below one part-per-million.

Archaeological excavations indicate that the first town dates back to the 11th century and consisted of two settlements, one in the western part of the medieval city encircled by what are now the streets of Mikkel Bryggersgade, Vestergade, Gammeltorv / Nytorv and Løngangsstræde, roughly corresponding to the coastline of the time, and another smaller settlement at what is now Kongens Nytorv.

It was used in medieval times, when it can be seen as roughly corresponding to an English shire.

The County of Marche () was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse.

Welcoming of the Nazi German occupation, De Clercq believed it to constitute a chance for the creation of a Diets state, an unprecedented ( apart from the medieval Burgundian personal union ) Dutch language-based community uniting Flanders, the Netherlands and even the part of northern France with Flemish dialects ( corresponding to French Flanders ).

The author finds both theistic and pantheistic ideas corresponding to medieval India, but identifies God with the universe.

And when he retold the legend of Gregorius he interpolated a modern version in which the medieval players speak contemporary thoughts in archaic language ; ;

As Sandburg said at the time: `` It is as ancient as the medieval European ballads brought to the Appalachian Mountains, it is as modern as skyscrapers, the Volstead Act, and the latest oil well gusher ''.

Remember that in seeking the modern in Utopia we do not deny the existence of the medieval and the Renaissance there ; ;

we do not even need to commit ourselves to assessing on the same inconceivable scale the relative importance of the medieval, the Renaissance, and the modern.

Tradition relates that in 814, the body of Saint James the Greater was discovered in Compostela and that Alfonso was the first pilgrim to that famous medieval ( and modern ) shrine.

Belief in the possibility of continued prophetic inspiration, and in its actual occurrence appear throughout much of the medieval period, and even in modern times.

It should be noted that in some medieval codices of Herodotus the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta before the battle is given as Philippides and in a few modern editions this name is preferred.

The medieval European Knights Templar ran an early prototype of a central banking system, as their promises to pay were widely respected, and many regard their activities as having laid the basis for the modern banking system.

Historians trace the evolution of modern theory pertaining to the chemical elements, as well as chemical compounds and mixtures of natural substances to medieval, and Greek models.

The Aristotelian tradition and medieval Alchemy eventually gave rise to modern scientific theories and new taxonomies.

It is likely the Pope in modern ages is much more powerful than those in medieval times.

The modern sense of the term first appears sometime around the 12th century ; its popularity spread in the medieval period along with the terms isle, ylle, inis, eilean, oileán There is some confusion on what the term crannog originally referred to, the structure atop the island or the island itself The additional meanings of crannog can be variously related as " structure / piece of wood ; wooden pin ; crow's nest ; pulpit ; driver's box on a coach and vessel / box / chest " for crannóg.

The ancestor of the class action was what modern observers call " group litigation ," which appears to have been quite common in medieval England from about 1200 onward.

What is striking about these early cases is that unlike modern courts, the medieval English courts never questioned the right of the actual plaintiffs to sue on behalf of a group or a few representatives to defend an entire group.

Just as medieval group litigation bound all members of the group regardless of whether they all actually appeared in court, the modern class action binds all members of the class, with the exception of those who appear and object.

Even past the medieval times, characteristics of a closed social systems that define any caste system, existed in England through the modern times.

According to Mircea Eliade, the medieval " Gioacchinian myth [...] of universal renovation in a more or less imminent future " has influenced a number of modern theories of history, such as those of Lessing ( who explicitly compares his views to those of medieval " enthusiasts "), Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling, and has also influenced a number of Russian writers.

It stands in a unique position between medieval chivalric romance and the modern novel.

The language of Don Quixote, although still containing archaisms, is far more understandable to modern Spanish readers than is, for instance, the completely medieval Spanish of the Poema de mio Cid, a kind of Spanish that is as different from Cervantes's language as Middle English is from Modern English.

The portion of the Greek Arithmetica that survived, however, was, like all ancient Greek texts transmitted to the early modern world, copied by, and thus known to, medieval Byzantine scholars.

Some of these ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities.

One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like an inverted " 3 ".

Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of feudalism, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back " tyrannically " into the historical record.

The results of medieval etymology, for example, were plausible given the insights available at the time, but have mostly been rejected by modern linguists.

From many sides come remarks that Protestant churches are badly attended and the large medieval cathedrals look all but empty during services.

The works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity through medieval manuscript transmission are collected in the Corpus Aristotelicum.

* The Bürgerfest is celebrated on the first weekend of July, when the palace gardens with their ancient walls are transformed into a medieval camp.

There are also a few parts of both medieval city walls left, most of them integrated into more recent buildings, but some others still visible.

The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury records a story that when the new sheriff of Worcester, Urse d ' Abetot, encroached on the cemetery of the cathedral chapter for Worcester Cathedral, Ealdred pronounced a rhyming curse on him, saying " Thou are called Urse.

The Proverbs of Alfred, a thirteenth-century work, contains sayings that are not likely to have originated with Alfred but attest to his posthumous medieval reputation for wisdom.

Just below Brugg the Reuss and the Limmat join the Aar, while around Brugg are the ruined castle of Habsburg, the old convent of Königsfelden ( with fine painted medieval glass ) and the remains of the Roman settlement of Vindonissa ( Windisch ).

The ruins of the town may still be seen on Cape Balastra ; they cover seven small hills, and extend from an eastern to a western harbor ; on the southwestern hills are the remains of the medieval settlement of Polystylon.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Due to the rich mining history dating from medieval times ( the Black Forest was one of the most important mining regions of Europe circa 1100 ) there are many mines re-opened to the public.

When they are lit, it is a way for one to call for military aid from the other, as per its historical use in medieval Europe.

The opposing armies are made up of reservists, up to 1, 600 in some scenes, who had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their drab uniforms for medieval garb.

The hymns are short poems going back in part to the days of Prudentius, Synesius, Gregory of Nazianzus and Ambrose ( 4th and 5th centuries ), but mainly the work of medieval authors.

Many bands, such as Mayhem and Gorgoroth, are noted for their controversial shows, which have featured impaled animal heads, mock crucifixions, medieval weaponry and band members doused in animal blood.

Like The Black Diamonds, it uses a medieval, Arabian Nights – like setting, and the Arabian Nights, like the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm and the works of Edgar Allan Poe, are known to have strongly influenced Smith's early writing, as did William Beckford's Vathek.

The specimen are remarkably similar to the later medieval crossbow, including the typical nut lock ( see image ).

Considerable fragments of two other works, On Providence and Divine Manifestations, are preserved in the early medieval encyclopedia, the Suda.

The work originated from an observation that many medieval cities are attractive and harmonious.

There are 83 known manuscripts of the work from the late medieval and early Renaissance period, more than any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience.

There are 83 known manuscripts of the work from the late medieval and early Renaissance period, more than any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience.

Several of the houses on the street are originally late 16th century or early 17th century and likely rebuilt on the site of earlier medieval dwellings.

Temple Bar and Grafton Street are two of the few remaining areas that were not affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction and maintained their medieval character.

These late medieval thrusting weapons are sometimes classed by the shape of their hilt as either roundel, bollock or ear daggers.

Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara ( d. 1893 ) and Zephirin González ( d. 1894 ), two esteemed philosophers ; Father Alberto Guillelmotti ( d. 1893 ), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Father Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history ( d. 1905 ).