Its first modern incidence in biological warfare were when Scandinavian " freedom fighters " supplied by the German General Staff used anthrax with unknown results against the Imperial Russian Army in Finland in 1916.

This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and Scandinavian languages as dialects of Old Norse.

A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish, Norwegian and Swedish into a Mainland Scandinavian group while Icelandic and Faroese are placed in a separate category labelled Insular Scandinavian.

In English, the terms poniard and dirk are loaned during the late 16th to early 17th century, the latter in the spelling dork, durk ( presumably via Low German, Dutch or Scandinavian dolk, dolch, ultimately from a West Slavic tulich ), the modern spelling dirk dating to 18th-century Scots.

Freyja is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; in the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, both written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century ; in several Sagas of Icelanders ; in the short story Sörla þáttr ; in the poetry of skalds ; and into the modern age in Scandinavian folklore, as well as the name for Friday in many Germanic languages.

Examples of goddesses attested in Norse mythology include Frigg ( wife of Odin, and the Anglo-Saxon version of whom is namesake of the modern English weekday Friday ), Skaði ( one time wife of Njörðr ), Njerda ( Scandinavian name of Nerthus ), that also was married to Njörðr during Bronze Age, Freyja ( wife of Óðr ), Sif ( wife of Thor ), Gerðr ( wife of Freyr ), and personifications such as Jörð ( earth ), Sól ( the sun ), and Nótt ( night ).

the Scandinavian wammie, to bore or twist ; the modern French is gibelet.

Another Scandinavian people, the Rus ' people, would go on to found Kievan Rus ', an early state which was a precursor for the modern country of Russia.

" Dickson-Wright further cites etymologist Walter William Skeat as further suggestion of possible Scandinavian origins: Skeat claimed that the hag – element of the word is derived from the Old Norse haggw or the Old Icelandic hoggva ( höggva in modern Icelandic ), meaning ' to hew ' or strike with a sharp weapon, relating to the chopped-up contents of the dish.

Mor may derive from an Indo-European root connoting terror or monstrousness, cognate with the Old English maere ( which survives in the modern English word " nightmare ") and the Scandinavian mara and the Old Russian " mara " (" nightmare "); while rígan translates as ' queen '.

Malcolm's Kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained in Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaelic control, and the areas under the control of the Kings of Scots would not advance much beyond the limits set by Malcolm II ( Máel Coluim mac Cináeda ) until the 12th century.

The two main conjugations of verbs in present and past tense were also present and like all other North Germanic languages, it used a suffix instead of a prepositioned article to indicate definiteness as in modern Scandinavian: man ( n ) (" man "); mannen (" the man ").

The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands ; the descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish and Swedish.

In modern times, " Heathen " and " Heathenry " are increasingly used to refer to those branches of Paganism inspired by the pre-Christian religions of the Germanic, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon peoples.

Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula, whereas modern Denmark is situated on the Danish islands and Jutland.

This school of doctrine was to have a profound influence on post-WWII Swedish economic policy and the development of the modern Scandinavian Welfare state.

One of the most famous elements of Scandinavian folklore, trolls are depicted in a variety of media in modern popular culture.

In the mainland Scandinavian languages the modern form is Ull.

Scandinavian settlements at the Pomeranian coast include Wollin ( on the isle of Wollin ), Ralswiek ( on the isle of Rügen ), Altes Lager Menzlin ( at the lower Peene river ), and Bardy-Świelubie near modern Kolobrzeg ( Kolberg ).

In the modern Scandinavian languages, the word Viking usually refers specifically to those people who went on Viking expeditions.

Geographically, a Viking Age may be assigned not only to Scandinavian lands ( modern Denmark, Norway and Sweden ), but also to territories under North Germanic dominance, mainly the Danelaw, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria, parts of Mercia, and East Anglia.

Even in the nineteenth century such accomplished philologists as Kemble and Guest were led into what now seem ludicrous errors because of their failure to recognize that modern forms of place names are not necessarily the result of logical philological development.

Their logo of the anchor and dolphin is represented today in the symbols and names used by some modern publishers such as Doubleday.

Latin inscriptions in Aquitania preserve a number of words with cognates in reconstructed proto-Basque, for instance the personal names Nescato and Cison ( neskato and gizon mean " young girl " and " man " respectively in modern Basque ).

The below table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Bible, such as the NABRE, RSV and ESV.

The spelling and names in both the 1609 – 1610 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint ( an ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, which is widely used by the Eastern Orthodox instead of the Masoretic text ) differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.

Brewers of modern dopplebocks often add "- ator " to their beer's name as a signpost of the style ; there are 200 "- ator " doppelbock names registered with the German patent office.

This is seen particularly in the substitution of modern names of places, such as were in use in the writer's day, for the old names ; thus Gezer ( 1 Chr.

Their memory also survives in the modern regional names of Bohemia ( Boiohaemum ), a mixed-language form from boio-and Proto-Germanic * haimaz, " home ": " home of the Boii ," and ' Bayern ', Bavaria, which is derived from the Germanic Baiovarii tribe ( Germ.

In the Royal Navy the battle has been commemorated by the ship names HMS Aboukir and HMS Nile and in 1998 the 200th anniversary of the battle was commemorated by a visit to Aboukir Bay by the modern frigate HMS Somerset, whose crew laid wreaths in memory of those who lost their lives in the battle.

Prior to this, in Old and Middle English, the word was usually spelled Crist the i being pronounced either as, preserved in the names of churches such as St Katherine Cree, or as a short, preserved in the modern pronunciation of Christmas.

Where possible, these modern constellations usually share the names of their Graeco-Roman predecessors, such as Orion, Leo or Scorpius.

Based on a study of the British rock succession, it was the first of the modern ' system ' names to be employed, and reflects the fact that many coal beds were formed globally during this time.

Cretan authors have made important contributions to Greek Literature throughout the modern period ; major names include Vikentios Kornaros, creator of the 17th century epic romance Erotokritos ( Greek Ερωτόκριτος ), and in the 20th century Nikos Kazantzakis.

In modern computer systems, files are typically accessed using names ( filenames ).

Early computers permitted only a few letters or digits in the name of a file, but modern computers allow long names ( some up to 255 characters ) containing almost any combination of unicode letters or unicode digits, making it easier to understand the purpose of a file at a glance.

It is worth noting that all modern computer Operating Systems retain date information of files outside of their titles, allowing the user to choose which format they prefer and have them sorted thus, irrespective of the files ' names.

Berthollet, along with Antoine Lavoisier and others, devised a chemical nomenclature, or a system of names, which serves as the basis of the modern system of naming chemical compounds.

Both languages now use the modern ( Congolese ) names.

The original pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin, Old Norse Dyflin, modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn.

Although the names are old, this opposition is a modern western-influenced development popularized by Martin Haug in the 1880s, and was in effect a realignment of the precepts of Zurvanism ( Zurvanite Zoroastrianism ), which had invented a third deity, Zurvan, in order to explain a mention of twinship ( Yasna 30. 3 ) between the moral and immoral.

Etruscan had some influence on Latin, as a few dozen Etruscan words and names were borrowed by the Romans, some of which remain in modern languages.

This became the ' standard edition ' for the future and it featured some of the literary conventions that modern readers expectthere was still no spacing between words, little or no punctuation and no stage directions, but abbreviated names now denoted changes of speaker, lyrics are broken into ' cola ' and ' strophai ' or lines and stanzas, and a system of accentuation was introduced.