Some key elements of the German Empire's authoritarian political structure were also the basis for conservative modernization in Imperial Japan under Meiji and the preservation of an authoritarian political structure under the Tsars in the Russian Empire.

During this period, Japan developed thriving cities and castle towns and increasing commodification of agriculture and domestic trade, wage labor, increasing literacy and concomitant print culture, laying the groundwork for modernization, even as the shogunate itself grew weak.

The arrival of Matthew Perry in 1853 and the subsequent Convention of Kanagawa forcibly reintroduced Japan to the outside world ; the rapid modernization of the Meiji Restoration soon followed.

Shin-hanga was particularly popular among Western collectors, who enjoyed images of traditional Japan and mourned its loss, as Japan pressed forward with modernization and Westernization campaigns.

Beginning in 1868, the Meiji Restoration led to the breakup of the military class and the modernization of Japan along the lines of western industrial nations.

The French Military Mission to Japan ( 1867-1868 ) | French military mission to Japan, invited by Tokugawa Yoshinobu for the modernization of his forces, in 1867

The People's Republic of China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade by opening up its markets, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West.

His military report was a detailed account of modernization in the late Qing Dynasty, covering education, military reforms, Han colonization of ethnic borderlands, mining and industry, railway construction, the influence of Japan, and opium smoking.

The popularity of the almost mythical tale was only enhanced by rapid modernization during the Meiji era of Japanese history, when it is suggested many people in Japan longed for a return to their cultural roots.

The mission traveled the world in order to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the United States and European countries that Japan had been forced into during the Tokugawa shogunate, and to gather information on western social systems, in order to effect the modernization of Japan.

Renegotiation of the unequal treaties was universally unsuccessful, but close observation of the American and European systems inspired members on their return to bring about modernization initiatives in Japan.

Only through more competitive business practices, supported by further economic development and industrial modernization, all accommodated by the growth of the zaibatsu, could Japan hope to become dominant in Asia.

Koryū is also a general term for Japanese schools of martial arts that predate the Meiji Restoration ( the period from 1866 to 1869 which sparked major socio-political changes and led to the modernization of Japan ).

Vogt at that time had just returned from Japan where he served as a designer and consultant for the modernization of the Japanese air forces.

In 1928 the republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang ( KMT )--- aka the Chinese Nationalist Party — after the Northern Expedition, and was in the early stages of industrialization and modernization when it was caught in the conflicts among the Kuomintang government, the Communist Party of China which was converted into a nationalist party, local warlords and Japan.

Before the First Sino Japanese War, China engaged in technological modernization only, buying modern weapons, ships, artillery, and building modern arsenals to produce these weapons, and only giving their soldiers modern weapons without institutional reform, and while refusing to reform the government or civil society according to western standards, unlike Japan, who adopted western style government with a Parliament and completely reoganized the army on western lines.

These included the abolition of the Imperial Examination in 1905, educational and military modernization patterned after the model of Japan, and an experiment in constitutional and parliamentary government.

Soon after his appointment as Minister of the Right in 1871, he led the two-year around-the-world journey known as the Iwakura mission, visiting the United States and several countries in Europe with the purpose of renegotiating the unequal treaties and gathering information to help effect the modernization of Japan.

Saigō initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West.

The Meiji period, after 1868, started the modernization of Japan.

Other important themes in the novel include the changing times ( particularly the modernization of Japan in the Meiji era ), the changing roles and ideals of women, and intergenerational change in values, the role of family, the importance of the self versus the group, the cost of weakness, and identity.

It should be American policy not only to encourage effective land reform programs but also to underline the relation of such reforms to the economic growth and modernization of the society.

During the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy had also begun to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization.

This view is heavily influenced by modernization theory, but is also strongly influenced by indigenous sources such as the notion of " shijie datong " or the Great Unity.

This was an era when other Muslim nations, like Turkey and Egypt were also on the path to modernization.

The modernization programme also contains standardized features that allow GPS III and Galileo systems to inter-operate, allowing receivers to be developed to utilise GPS and Galileo together to create an even more precise GNSS system.

Liu was also very close to Deng Xiaoping as his modernization efforts were very much in keeping with Deng's national policies.

In European laicism, it has been argued that secularism is a movement toward modernization, and away from traditional religious values ( also known as secularization ).

As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output.

Mostly funded by India after China's invasion of Tibet in 1959, the modernization program also included the construction of roads linking the Indian plains with central Bhutan.

This decade also marked the return of Catholic authors ( Josef Florian, Jakub Deml, Jaroslav Durych, Josef Váchal ) and the first entrance of the avant-garde into Czech literature, seeking to document the rapid changes in society and modernization.

These victories may be ascribed to a well-trained army, which despite its comparatively small size was far more professional than most continental armies, and also to a modernization of administration ( both civilian and military ) in the course of the 17th century which enabled the monarchy to harness the resources of the country and its empire in an effective way.

Tourism is also a contributor to the economy but its adoption is on a graduated scale maintaining a balance between development and modernization.

He was also a vocal proponent of modernization of the navy.

Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified ( by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair ).

Detractors, however, disparage populist nationalism in China today, especially that expressed on the Internet, as a " hooligan culture " in which " Internet Red Guards " hurl obscenities not only against foreign " devils ," but also against moderates and liberals who warn of the excesses and dangers that nationalism could pose to China's modernization.

International rankings of banks by size also seemed less important when, as Alan Greenspan later noted, “ Federal Reserve research had been unable to find economies of scale in banking beyond a modest size .” Still, advocates of “ financial modernization ” continued to point to the combination of commercial and investment banking in nearly all other countries as an argument for “ modernization ”, including Glass-Steagall “ repeal .”

However, although the consensus that Abdulhamid favoured the modernization of the Ottoman army and the professionalization of the officer was fairly general, it seems that he neglected the military during the last fifteen years of his reign, and he also cut down the military budget.

He also believes this is the best way to spread stability and modernization in an autocratic and theocratic region.

Several countries, including Russia and Ukraine, also offer modernization packages for older T-72s.

Wehler drew upon the modernization theory of Max Weber, with concepts also from Karl Marx, Otto Hintze, Gustav Schmoller, Werner Sombart and Thorstein Veblen.

He was also responsible for the county purchasing the airport and the subsequent modernization efforts.